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8. Is scientific knowledge open to change? Can you explain?

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The accepted views of science knowledge can change over time. Changes can result from new science observations, but can also be affected by social, political or religious convictions. To develop a deeper understanding, students need to investigate the context of the time in which science ideas were developed.

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 Why should scientific knowledge be testable?

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Alex.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic nr 1 Balș

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Alex.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic nr 1 Balș

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Hypotheses should be clearly stated so that they are easily understandable. They should be testable in an experiment, so that they can advance theory. They should be falsifiable, so that they can be proven wrong if they are incorrect.

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6.Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give an example?

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Curiosity is one of the greatest strengths scientists possess. All the best scientists in the world share this curiosity for the world around them. Never accepting what seems obvious, tehy can always look deeper and more thoroughly at a problem.

That curiosity allows them opportunities that they wouldn’t have if tehy just accepted the results and never asked “why?”. When they look at the reasons behind a process and think about the ways in which they could apply this elsewhere, tehy begin the process of discovery and invention. That’s exactly how many of the major historical discoveries in science came about.

One of the coolest examples of this is in the creation of penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and shortly after demonstrated its effects as an antibiotic. The issue was, it needed to be mass-produced in order to be a viable pharmaceutical product. Through the earnest curiosity of scientists, it was eventually discovered that the best strain of penicillin for production was on a moldy cantaloupe in Peoria Market in 1943.

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Narcisa.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic Nr 1 Balș

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Narcisa.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic Nr 1 Balș

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Some researchers have refined this list to the following five tenets:

Scientific knowledge is tentative (subject to change).

Science is empirically based (based on or derived from observation of the natural world).

Science is inferential, imaginative and creative.

Science is subjective and theory laden.

Science is socially and culturally embedded.

This is probably the most widely recognised list of tenets of the nature of science. These tenets are considered appropriate for primary to secondary school learning because they provide a more accurate view of the scientific enterprise and do not require expertise in science to be effectively understood. Each tenet is described in the article Tenets of the nature of science.

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4. Why is the history of science important?

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Studying the history of science allows you to have a glimpse into both the history of the world and into just how we discovered everything we know about the world. Those moments of discovery may seem anti-climactic to us now, but imagine not having discovered them at all. Imagine living without that knowledge.

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Gabriela.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic nr 1 Balș

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Gabriela.dg/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic nr 1 Balș

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3. What are the characteristics of science?
Six Characteristics of Science CONPTT Consistency- Several scientists can repeat an experiment and the results are the same.
Observability- The results or subject of an experiment can be observed by using the five senses or extensions of them.
Natural- A natural cause must be used to explain why or how the naturally occurring result or experimental subject happens. Supernatural can’t be used.
Predictability- Predictions can be made about the subject and can be tested. Testability- Subject can be tested using a controlled experiment.
Tentativeness- Scientific theories are subject to change because of technology.

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2.What does science deal with?
Science focuses exclusively on the natural world, and does not deal with supernatural explanations. Science is a way of learning about what is in the natural world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world got to be the way it is.

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1. What is science?
SCIENCE, any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws.
Science can be divided into different branches based on the subject of study. The physical sciences study the inorganic world and comprise the fields of astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. The biological sciences such as biology and medicine study the organic world of life and its processes. Social sciences like anthropology and economics study the social and cultural aspects of human behaviour.

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T.derya / Pınar Kaplan (Turgut Özal Secondary School)

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T.derya / Pınar Kaplan (Turgut Özal Secondary School)

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1-science is all of the theories that can be proven by experiment and observation.
2-The main preoccupation of science is natural events. not only physical phenomena, but also psychological, economic, cultural, sociological etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena.
3-science uses the rules of logical thinking and inference in the process of verifying a hypothesis or theory.
Identity is not contradictory, as the conclusions reached by science are self-consistent, free from any contradiction. It conforms to logical principles such as the impossibility of the third option and the principle of sufficient reason.
4- It has brought many benefits to human civilization.
5-I think to study the details of science
6- Curiosity is the most important factor for progress in science. "I don't have any special talents, but I am passionately curious" -albert einstein-
7-Because science is closed to possibilities.
8-yes. Because as technology improves, the rate of testing and getting it right increases. Therefore, partially correct theories are proven.

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1-

Science is the world that makes the world work in harmony is called science.
2-science is a system used to find things that have not yet been discovered in the world.
3-The main field of science is natural phenomena. Here we perceive natural events in their most general scope. Not only physical phenomena, but also sociological, psychological, economic, cultural etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena. In summary, every phenomenon related to man and his environment is a natural phenomenon.
4-History of Science is the most basic component of culture, especially intellectual culture, and has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of human beings, especially scientific thinking. In this respect, it includes scientific, cultural and political dimensions.
5-What is meant by the nature of science; It is the sum of answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize their scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.
6-Curiosity and imagination are actually contradictory to each other. Therefore, there is no such thing as science without curiosity and imagination.
7-to see if there is a margin of error and if I did the individual wrong while doing it.
8-yes it is clear because science changes according to this person's point of view

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1-Science is an effort of inquiry.
2-Science deals with facts
3-Science follows the truth and corrects mistakes.
4- The history of science is important for learning because correcting mistakes and getting right is the most important thing science can do.
5-The nature of science is to question and never blindly believe in an idea.
6-Curiosity is important because hundreds of people saw an apple fall but only Newton asked why
7-In order to present a proof to the truth and the truth
8- It is always clear because this change is the nature of science and reflects the truth.

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1. Science is studies based on systematic research and examination of information that is beneficial to humanity.
2.Science deals with nature.
3. Science: it is factual, logical, generalizing, objective, variable, functional. 4. Because it is an interdisciplinary discipline.
5. It examines the nature of science, what science is, how it works, the study of scientists, and how scientific knowledge is formed.
6. Curiosity and imagination help to discover the unknown, so that the unknown is investigated.
7. Scientific knowledge becomes reality if it is tested.
8. Scientific knowledge is open to change.

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1- Information about the events in the universe, based on experiments and facts.

2- All the events in the universe

3-Be logical, dependent on evidence, generally objective and realistic

4- Because through science, we can know the events that happened 500 years ago.

6-Because if someone is not curious about something or does not know how to use their imagination, their studies and experiments will not take long, which prevents the realization of science.

7-Because when someone tests a piece of scientific information and the results don't match, it means that everything science has taught us may be a lie, which can lead to big events.

8-Yes, with the developing technology, some information may turn out to be incomplete or incorrect.

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1-What is science?
Science is a tool that sheds light on the things we do not know in the universe and enables us to understand ourselves.

2-What does science deal with?
Science deals with everything from living things to the mysteries of the universe.

3-What are the characteristics of science?
Science is unpredictable, what you think is right one moment may be wrong the next.

4-Why is the history of science important?
The history of science is important both for the future of science and for understanding previous scientists.

5-What is the nature of science?

6-Why are curiosity and imagination important for science? Give an example.
Curiosity and imagination are actually the building blocks of science. Thanks to these two factors, we found most of what we found, discovered. For example, Marie Curie's discovery of Radium by trying to find a substance that resembles uranium out of curiosity.

7-Why should scientific knowledge be testable?
If scientific knowledge was untestable, there would be a lot of unproven, nonsensical theories floating around and we wouldn't be able to discern the truth.

8-Is scientific knowledge open to change? Please explain.
Yes, it is clear. I think the biggest theory of this is the atomic theory, which has changed many times over the years.

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4- Why is the history of science important?

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4- Why is the history of science important?

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Why's the history of science important? For example people used to think the world was flat, and that the stars and the sun revolved around the Earth, and that earthquakes were messages from the gods. Each bit of our current understanding of science came gradually, through observation, measurement, and experimentation. Learning how that understanding came to be helps us also learn about our cultural history.

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What are the characteristics of science

biology or biology,the branch of science that studies living things.A scientist who deals wiht biology or biology is called a biologist or biologist

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Question 1:What are the Characteristick of Science?
Answer:Science used the rules of logical reasoning and inference to verify a teory
Question 2:Can you explain at least two science features with an example?
Answer 1:The problem based on the systematic search and study of information useful to humanity.
Answer 2:Tho whole of the studies consisting of hyporesis and law stages.

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Adem Şafak Özcan /Mualla secondary school

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Adem Şafak Özcan /Mualla secondary school

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What is science ?? Provable knowledge obtained by method and verified by practice

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Why is the history of science imporant?

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Minel Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School 

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Minel Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School 

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What are the Characteristics of Science? Can you explain at least two science features with an example?

The results of science are free from any contradiction and are consistent within themselves, and they are in accordance with logical principles such as identity, non-contradiction, the impossibility of the third option and the principle of sufficient reason. ...Science uses the rules of logical thinking and inference in verifying a hypothesis or theory.Science is based on observable facts. No hypothesis or theory can be considered true unless proven based on observation or experimental results. Science cannot deal with propositions that are inherently true or true by definition.SIt is based on logic. Research results should be consistent within themselves. Science wants the results it reaches to be consistent within itself, free from all kinds of contradictions. It does not accept two contradictory propositions as true.cience can be defined as an intellectual and practical activity that systematically examines the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world, from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxy clusters, through observation and experimentation.[1] Science is a journey to learn general facts and basic laws about the Universe, its parts and beyond; It can also be considered as a data collection, evaluation and foresight tool. In other words, science is a way of learning about what goes on in the natural world and how it works; in this respect, science is not just about collecting facts like stamp collecting; It also aims to explain and understand them.for the way of working

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What does science deal withe?

The pursuit of science is the natural phenomena around it. Here we perceive natural phenomena in general. Not only new students, but also personal, economic, experiment etc. events

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3- What are the characteristics of science?

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3- What are the characteristics of science?

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Objectivity, rationality, systematity, generality, verifiability and fallibility.
Systematic knowledge of the phenomena of nature and the laws that govern it, obtained by investigation, reasoning and intensive experimentation.
Science is formed on the basis of three pillars: observation, experimentation and laws. Thus, from these components, scientific knowledge is based on theory, together whit practice and technique.
Science has a specific object of study. – Uses strict language or scientific language. - It uses specific research methods and techniques. – Cumulative process of knowledge.

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Aysima Yılmaz/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/ Selvihan Döner / 

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Aysima Yılmaz/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/ Selvihan Döner / 

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1. What is science?
İt is the work of researching the practical information for humans with a system and studying it.

2. What is science interested in?
All of social, phsychological, economical, etc. domains is fact of nature. Science is interested in the fact of the nature.

3. Properties of science
It isn't dependent on personal opinions. It depends on observation and experiments.

4. Why science history important?
Because it deals with how the imformation emerges spreads and how it is used.

5. What is the nature of science?
It is the answer to what is science how do scientlogists research how the information emerges how it is developed.

6. Why are curiosity and imagination important for science?
Scientists are people who use their curiosity and imagination in the best way. Einstain once said imagination is more important than power of knowledge.

7. Why should the scientific knowledges be testable?
No matter how plausible the imformation is the imformation is has to be tested observed and tried under specified circumstances and establish its validity.

8. Are science knowledges open to changes?
Scientific knowledges are informations that depend on experiments and observations but it is changable with the new evidences the come out with time it can be changed it can be tested.

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What does science deal with?

The main field of science is natural phenomena.
Here we perceive natural events in their most general scope.
Not only physical phenomena,but also sociological,psychological,economic,cultural etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena.
In summary,every phenomenon related to man and his environment is a natural phenomenon.

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Meyrem Önder/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School SD

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Meyrem Önder/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School SD

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1-What is Science?
•The whole of studies consisting of problem, hypothesis and law stages based on systematic research and examination of information that is beneficial to humanity is called science.
2-What does science deal with?
•The main field of science is natural phenomena.
3-What are the Characteristics of Science?
•Science is factual. Scientific knowledge is based on observable facts. Science is logical.Scientific knowledge is self-consistent. Science is objective. Science is independent of the views of the individual.
4-Why is the history of science important?
•History of Science is the most basic component of culture, especially intellectual culture, and it has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of man, especially scientific thinking.
5-What is the nature of science?
•What is meant by the nature of science; It is the sum of answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize their scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.
6-Why is curiosity and imagination important for science?Can you give an example?
•Thanks to curiosity, people turn to science. For example, when we are curious about space, we look through a telescope.As we know in science, it is also necessary to discover new things. And without your imagination, how can we find new things, information that will be useful to society, right?
7-Why should scientific knowledge be testable?
•Because scientific knowledge is reliable; but it is not immutable. The information obtained is systematic. It is based on assumptions.
8-Is scientific knowledge open the change?Can you explain?
•Scientific Knowledge is Open to Change.Scientific knowledge, which consists mainly of facts, theories and prohibitions, is not the latest knowledge and is open to change.

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The main field of science iş nutural phenomena. Here we perceive nutural events in their Most general scope .Not only physicol phenomena but also sociologicol, psycholagical ,economic, cultural  etc .all fiels of knowledge are nutural phenomena ln summary ,every phenomenon related tama and his envirament iş a nutural phenomenon.

Ayse/Özcan Mualla Ersezgin Ortaokulu

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Ömer Fuat Uğur / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School / Selvihan Döner

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Ömer Fuat Uğur / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School / Selvihan Döner

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Serra KAHYA/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/Selvihan DÖNER

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Serra KAHYA/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/Selvihan DÖNER

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Defne ERÇİN/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/Selvihan DÖNER

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Defne ERÇİN/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/Selvihan DÖNER

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Bahar Akkoyunlu/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/ Selvihan Döner

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Bahar Akkoyunlu/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/ Selvihan Döner

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Zühra Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Zühra Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Is scientific knowledge open to change?
Open to exchange of scientific information.

Can you explain?
Although scientific  knowledge is a type of knowledge obtained based on experiments  and observations, it is variabla. Accordingly, scientific  knowledge is not absolutely correct. Cognitive knowledge may also undergo changes, thanks to new evidence emerging over time.

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Ateş Öztürk / Mualla Ersezgin / Selvihan Döner

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Ateş Öztürk / Mualla Ersezgin / Selvihan Döner

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Rabia VURAL/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Rabia VURAL/ Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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1.-)What is Science?
Science can be defined as an intellectual and practical activity that systematically studies the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world, from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxy clusters, through observation and experimentation.[1] Science is a journey to learn general facts and basic laws about the Universe, its parts and beyond; It can also be considered as a data collection, evaluation and foresight tool. In other words, science is a way of learning about what goes on in the natural world and how it works; in this respect, science is not just about collecting facts like stamp collecting; It also aims to explain and understand them.

2.-)What Does Science Deal With?
The main field of science is natural phenomena. Here we perceive natural events in their most general scope. Not only physical phenomena, but also sociological, psychological, economic, cultural etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena. In summary, every phenomenon related to man and his environment is a natural phenomenon.

3.-)What Are the Characteristics of Science?

1- Science is factual.
2- Scientific knowledge is based on observable facts.
3- Science is logical.
4- Scientific knowledge is self-consistent.
5- Science is objective,
6- Science is independent of the views of the individual.
Sample:
Science is Logical!
The results of science are far from all contradictions and are consistent within themselves, and they are in accordance with logical principles such as identity, non-contradiction, the impossibility of the third option and the principle of sufficient reason. ...

Sample:
Science is Generalizing!
 Science is not just about accumulating facts as if collecting stamps. That is, science is not content with observing facts one by one; tries to find some general relations between the phenomena. Science deals with types of facts, not individual facts. This is why classification is the first step in scientific research. "Copper is conductive.", "Pure water at sea level boils at 100 degrees Celsius." Propositions such as these express not individual facts, but properties pertaining to classes of facts whose scope is unlimited. Scientific propositions are generalizations. Generalizations express either a feature shared by a class of facts or some invariant relations between facts.

4.-)Why is the History of Science İmportant?
History of Science is the most basic component of culture, especially intellectual culture, and it has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of man, especially scientific thinking. In this respect, it includes scientific, cultural and political dimensions.

5.-)What is the Nature of Science?
What is meant by the nature of science; It is the sum of the answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize their scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.

6.-)Why Are Curiosity and Imagination Important to Science? Can you give Examples?

7.-)Why Should Scientific Knowledge Be Testable?
In order for a knowledge to be scientific knowledge, it must be obtained by a scientific method. It also needs to be testable and renewable. Because scientific knowledge must be provable.

8.-)Is Scientific Knowledge Open to Change?
Scientific Knowledge is Open to Change
Scientific knowledge, which consists mainly of facts, theories and laws, is not the latest knowledge and is open to change.

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Why should scıentıfıc knowledge be testable?

Scıence ıs based , ın part , on observation of the natural world

The valıdıty of scıentıfıc explanatıons is tested go sine extent bu observatıon of facts

Scıentısts cannot dırectly observe many phenomenan the natural world

It ıs ımportant to understand the dıfference between observatıon and inference

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Gül Kesgin- Hocalar İmam Hatip Secondary School

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Gül Kesgin- Hocalar İmam Hatip Secondary School

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The characteristics and nature of science-dönüştürüldü

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Science deals with astronomy, biology, geology and others types of science.
Science is science, created by the humans.
I can't tell all the things that the science deals with, because it deals with everything.
Everything is science.

Gabriel Carmo, Portugal

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The nature of science is understood as a set of elements that deal with the construction, establishment and organization of scientific knowledge

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6 - Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give and example?

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6 - Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give and example?

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The curiosity allows us opportunities that we wouldn't have if we just accepted the results and never asked “why?”. When we look at the reasons behind a process and think about the ways in which we could apply this elsewhere, we begin the process of discovery and invention. Imagination helps scientists to encircle the world, take an overview look, it acts like a wing that takes thoughts to the sky. It’s a very variable world and behaves differently, imagination is everywhere in every application and invention (airplanes, televisions, cell phones and computers).

Carolina Marques, Portugal

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1-Science is a way of knowing based on a method, the scientific method. The method is the way of functioning of the sciences, it is based on observation, experimentation and the production of theories and laws.Theories are constantly tested, aiming at their proof or replacement by another theory that resists checking.2- The objective of science is to explain, describe and predict phenomena from the development of methodological procedures that can be constantly verified and reproduced.Science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society Predictability to know what will happen in the near future.3- Abstarcão: Science proceeds on a plane of abstraction. A general scientific principle is highly abstract. You're not interested in giving a realistic picture.Accuracy: Scientific knowledge is accurate. A doctor, like an ordinary man, will not say that the patient has a mild temperature or has very high temperature, but after measuring with the help of the thermometer, he will pronounce that the patient is having 101.2 F of temperature.Reliability: Scientific knowledge should occur under the prescribed circumstances not one, but repeatedly. It is reproducible under the circumstances declared anywhere and at any time. Conclusions based on casual memories are not very reliable.Systematic Exploration: A scientific research adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or research design for the collection and analysis of facts about the problem under study. Generally, this plan includes some scientific steps —hypothesis formulation, fact collection, fact analysis (classification, coding, and tabulation), and scientific generalization and pricing.Ethical Neutrality: Science is ethically neutral. He's just looking for knowledge. As this knowledge should be used, it is determined by social values. Knowledge can be placed in different uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war.Verifiability: Science rests on sense data, i.e. data collected through our senses - eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete factual observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and verify observation for accuracy.Objectivity: Scientific knowledge is objective. Simple objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish them to be. To be objective, you need to protect yourself against your own vieses, beliefs, desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that all kinds of subjective considerations and prejudices be undressed.4- The Importance Of Studying The History Of Science Studying the history of science allows us to see how scientific knowledge has been growing and building over the centuries. We learn about the men and women who were curious enough about the natural world that they observed, hypothesized, and experimented to find answers.5- The Nature of Science The Nature of Science refers to the way in which science comes to "know" things. Science is one way to understand the world around you. In this unit, we will be addressing the methods that scientists use to gather and process information, the tools that scientist use and how science may differ from other ways of knowing.6- One of the coolest examples of this is in the creation of penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and shortly after demonstrated its effects as an antibiotic. The issue was, it needed to be mass-produced in order to be a viable pharmaceutical product. Through the earnest curiosity of scientists, it was eventually discovered that the best strain of penicillin for production was on a moldy cantaloupe in Peoria Market in 1943.7- The scientific process is a way of building knowledge and making predictions about the world in such a way that they are testable. The question of whether Earth is flat or round could be put to the test, it could be studied through multiple lines of research, and the evidence evaluated to determine whether it supported a round or flat planet.8- Explain that scientific knowledge is both durable and robust and open to change. Scientific knowledge can change because it is often examined and re-examined by new investigations and scientific argumentation. Because of these frequent examinations, scientific knowledge becomes stronger, leading to its durability.

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1-Science is a way of knowing based on a method, the scientific method. The method is the way of functioning of the sciences, it is based on observation, experimentation and the production of theories and laws.Theories are constantly tested, aiming at their proof or replacement by another theory that resists checking.2- The objective of science is to explain, describe and predict phenomena from the development of methodological procedures that can be constantly verified and reproduced.Science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society Predictability to know what will happen in the near future.3- Abstarcão: Science proceeds on a plane of abstraction. A general scientific principle is highly abstract. You're not interested in giving a realistic picture.Accuracy: Scientific knowledge is accurate. A doctor, like an ordinary man, will not say that the patient has a mild temperature or has very high temperature, but after measuring with the help of the thermometer, he will pronounce that the patient is having 101.2 F of temperature.Reliability: Scientific knowledge should occur under the prescribed circumstances not one, but repeatedly. It is reproducible under the circumstances declared anywhere and at any time. Conclusions based on casual memories are not very reliable.Systematic Exploration: A scientific research adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or research design for the collection and analysis of facts about the problem under study. Generally, this plan includes some scientific steps —hypothesis formulation, fact collection, fact analysis (classification, coding, and tabulation), and scientific generalization and pricing.Ethical Neutrality: Science is ethically neutral. He's just looking for knowledge. As this knowledge should be used, it is determined by social values. Knowledge can be placed in different uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war.Verifiability: Science rests on sense data, i.e. data collected through our senses - eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete factual observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and verify observation for accuracy.Objectivity: Scientific knowledge is objective. Simple objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish them to be. To be objective, you need to protect yourself against your own vieses, beliefs, desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that all kinds of subjective considerations and prejudices be undressed.4- The Importance Of Studying The History Of Science Studying the history of science allows us to see how scientific knowledge has been growing and building over the centuries. We learn about the men and women who were curious enough about the natural world that they observed, hypothesized, and experimented to find answers.5- The Nature of Science The Nature of Science refers to the way in which science comes to "know" things. Science is one way to understand the world around you. In this unit, we will be addressing the methods that scientists use to gather and process information, the tools that scientist use and how science may differ from other ways of knowing.6- One of the coolest examples of this is in the creation of penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and shortly after demonstrated its effects as an antibiotic. The issue was, it needed to be mass-produced in order to be a viable pharmaceutical product. Through the earnest curiosity of scientists, it was eventually discovered that the best strain of penicillin for production was on a moldy cantaloupe in Peoria Market in 1943.7- The scientific process is a way of building knowledge and making predictions about the world in such a way that they are testable. The question of whether Earth is flat or round could be put to the test, it could be studied through multiple lines of research, and the evidence evaluated to determine whether it supported a round or flat planet.8- Explain that scientific knowledge is both durable and robust and open to change. Scientific knowledge can change because it is often examined and re-examined by new investigations and scientific argumentation. Because of these frequent examinations, scientific knowledge becomes stronger, leading to its durability.

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The Nature of Science typically refers to the epistemology of science, science as a way of knowing, or the values and beliefs inherent in scientific knowledge and its development. Furthermore, science encompasses many and diverse subjects and this is part of this nature. The Nature of Science is also the set of theories, practice and response to knowledge and it is from this that several researches emerged that are developed or refuted.

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HATICE MELEK KILIC/MUALLA ERSEZGIN SECONDARY SCHOOL/S.D.

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HATICE MELEK KILIC/MUALLA ERSEZGIN SECONDARY SCHOOL/S.D.

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T.ECRİNAY(PINAR KAPLAN /TURGUT ÖZAL SECONDARY SCHOOL) 

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T.ECRİNAY(PINAR KAPLAN /TURGUT ÖZAL SECONDARY SCHOOL) 

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Science is knowledge found through research.Science is about  alive and nature.I thınk the characterıstıcs of scıence are logıcal and objectıve.Because if people hadn't researched something in the past, we wouldn't be so open to science today.Knowledge that explains how science develops and emerges.How can you fınd ıt ıf you are not curıous about anythıng? Had Newton not wondered why the apple fell to the ground, she would not have found the law of gravity.Because it is in the nature of science.As technology evolves, innovations emerge. In my opinion, scientific knowledge can change.

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Yavuz Selim ACAR/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/S.D.

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Yavuz Selim ACAR/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School/S.D.

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1- What is Science?

The whole of studies consisting of problem, hypothesis or law stages based on the systematic research and examination of useful information for humanity is called science.

2- What does science deal with?

The field of study of science is not the cases that can be perceived with the ones with the most general scope to natural phenomena, but the field in which it can survive and similar is all nature. In summary, every phenomenon related to man and his environment is a nature.

3- What are the Characteristics of Science? (Can you explain at least two science features with an example?

Science is factual, precise, selective, logical, universal, generalizing, critical, systematic, abstracting, demanding proof, and curiosity and passion that triggers science.Science is Logical: scientific results must have a consistency within themselves, free from any contradiction. Two conflicting importance in science cannot be accepted as true.Science is Generalizing: Science deals with types of phenomena, not individual facts. Science is also searching for the general. Opinions that belong to a single person and are not shared with anyone are not scientific. 'The volume of a gas changes inversely with pressure when temperature is held constant' 'Metals conduct electricity'

4- Why is the history of science important?

The history of science is culture, especially intellectual, it is the most basic component of culture and it has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of man, especially scientific thinking, in this respect, it includes scientific, cultural and political dimensions.

5- What is the nature of science?

What is meant by the nature of science is the sum of answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected by it.

6- Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give an example?

For creative ideas, the founding subject, who wants to go one step further with imaginative design, must apply his theoretical ideas in practice. He left it to a technology that provides convenience in every field. Scientists are people who use their creative intelligence and imagination in the best way. Their existence has led to the development of science. A scientist is the person who has the courage to enter the world of the unknown and takes the knowledge from there and carries it to the world of the known. This is a creative intelligence and a high dream can with the strength.

7- Why should scientific knowledge be testable?

Because science demands proof, proof. For a phenomenon to exist, it must be demonstrable, these facts must be testable.

8- Is scientific knowledge open to change? Can you explain?

Scientific knowledge can change. In other words, a hypothesis can be disproved and a new one can be made by another scientist. Scientific knowledge changes because scientific knowledge is not dogmatic and can be changed according to science, experimentation or developments in technology. For example: In the past it was said that the world was a flat tray, this hypothesis was refuted.

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7 - Why should scientific knowledge be tested? 

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7 - Why should scientific knowledge be tested? 

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"7- scientific knowledge must be testable because our observations generate different expectations, a scientific idea may require a lot os reasoning to developed an appropriate test, it may be difficult to test, it may require the development of new technological tools to test it, or it may require that you make idependetly testable assumptions, to be scientific an idea has to be tested in some way."

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Arda Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Arda Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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6) Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give an example

Because to start the scientific process you need to be able to think up a model (hypothesis) to test. Popper hypothetico-deductionism.

Plenty of book smart-types completely fail as masters or PhD students simply because they have never had an idea of their own in their lives and would not know what to do with it if they had one.

That is why it is so hard to identify a good research student and it seems to be largely innate.

7)Why should scientific knowledge be testable?

Abstract The paper discussed what it means to say that, science knowledge is testable, falsifiable and verifiable body of knowledge. Science is not only a body of knowledge, but also a way of knowing. One important underpinning for learning science is students’ understanding of the nature and structure of scientific knowledge and the process by it is developed. Scientific knowledge has led to remarkable innovations that have been of great benefit to humankind. Scientific knowledge refers to a knowledge that is based on scientific methods which are supported by adequate validation. In this regard, science knowledge is testable, falsifiable and verifiable. There are four primary factors that are used to determine whether evidence amount to scientific knowledge which are whether it has been tested; whether it has been subject to peer review and publication; the known or potential rate of errors; and the degree of acceptance within the scientific community. Keywords: Science knowledge, testable, falsifiable, verifiable

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1.-)WHAT İS SCİENCE
Science can be defined as an intellectual and practical activity that systematically studies the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world, from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxy clusters, through observation and experimentation.[1] Science is a journey to learn general facts and basic laws about the Universe, its parts and beyond; It can also be considered as a data collection, evaluation and foresight tool. In other words, science is a way of learning about what goes on in the natural world and how it works; in this respect, science is not just about collecting facts like stamp collecting; It also aims to explain and understand them.

2.-)What does Science Deal With?
The main field of science is natural phenomena. Here we perceive natural events in their most general scope. Not only physical phenomena, but also sociological, psychological, economic, cultural etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena. In summary, every phenomenon related to man and his environmnt is a natural phenomenon.

3.-)What Are the Characteristics of Science?
1- Science is factual.
2- Scientific knowledge is based on observable facts.
3- Science is logical.
4- Scientific knowledge is self-consistent.
5- Science is objective,
6- Science is independent of the views of the individual.
Sample:
Science is Logical!
The results of science are far from all contradictions and are consistent within themselves, and they are in accordance with logical principles such as identity, non-contradiction, the impossibility of the third option and the principle of sufficient reason. ...

Sample:
Science is Generalizing!
Science is not just about accumulating facts as if collecting stamps. That is, science is not content with observing facts one by one; tries to find some general relations between the phenomena. Science deals with types of facts, not individual facts. This is why classification is the first step in scientific research. "Copper is conductive.", "Pure water at sea level boils at 100 degrees Celsius." Propositions such as these express not individual facts, but properties pertaining to classes of facts whose scope is unlimited. Scientific propositions are generalizations. Generalizations express either a feature shared by a class of facts or some invariant relations between facts.

4.-)Why is the History of Science İmportant?
History of Science is the most basic component of culture, especially intellectual culture, and it has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of man, especially scientific thinking. In this respect, it includes scientific, cultural and political dimensions.

5.-)What is the Nature of Science?
What is meant by the nature of science; It is the sum of the answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize their scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.

6.-)Why Are Curiosity and Imagination Important to Science? Can you give Examples?

7.-)Why Should Scientific Knowledge Be Testable?
In order for a knowledge to be scientific knowledge, it must be obtained by a scientific method. It also needs to be testable and renewable. Because scientific knowledge must be provable.

8.-)Is Scientific Knowledge Open to Change?
Scientific Knowledge is Open to Change
Scientific knowledge, which consists mainly of facts, theories and laws, is not the latest knowledge and is open to change.

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Hüseyin Özcan (Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School)

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Hüseyin Özcan (Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School)

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What does science deal with?

The main field of science is natural phenomena. Here we perceive natural events in their most general scope. Not only physical phenomena, but also sociological, psychological, economic, cultural etc. all fields of knowledge are natural phenomena. In summary, every phenomenon related to man and his environment is a natural phenomenon.

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Emira Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Emira Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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What is the nature of science?                              What is meant by nature of science;
İt is the sum of answers to questions such as what science is, how it works,how scientists organize their scientifıc research, how scientifıc knovledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.

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2-  Bilim ne ile uğraşır ?

Bilimin asıl uğraşı alanı doğa  olaylarıdır. Burada doğa olaylarını en genel kapsamıyla algılıyoruz.  Yanlızca  fiziksel olgular değil, sosyoloji,psikolojik,  ekonomik ,kültürel vb. bilgi alanlarının hepsi doğa  olaylarıdır.  Özetle ,insanla ve çevresiyle  ilgili olan her olgu bir doğa olayıdır.
5- Bilimin doğası  nedir ?

Bilimin doğası ile kastedilen ; bilimin ne olduğu ,bilim insanlarının  bilimsel  araştırmalarını nasil örgütlediği, bilimsel bilginin nasıl  ortaya çıktığını ve nasil geliştiğini hangi  faktörlerden etkilendiği gibi sorulara verilecek cevapların toplamıdır.
8- Bilimsel bilgi değişikliğe açıkmıdır?

Bilimsel bilgi değişime AÇIKTIR. Başlıca olgu,teorive yasalardan oluşan bilimsel bilgi son bilgi olmayıp değişime  AÇIKTIR.

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LİNA ÖZYURT/MUALLA ERSEZGİN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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LİNA ÖZYURT/MUALLA ERSEZGİN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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1-Bilim nedir ?
Evrendeki herhangi bir oluşum ve olayın çeşitli yöntemler ve olgularla gerçekliğe dayanarak elde edilen bilgiler bütününe denir.
2-Bilim ne ile uğraşır?
Amaç bilinmeyen soruları cevaplamak , hayata yararlı olmaktır. Bilimin asıl uğraşı alanı doğa olaylarıdır. Sadece fiziksel olguları değil, sosyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik, kültürel, vb. bilgi alanlarının hepsi doğa olaylarıdır. Özetle, insanla ve çevresiyle ilgili olan her olgu bilimin uğraş alanına girmektedir.
3-Bilimin özellikleri nelerdir?
Bilim, olgusaldır, kesindir, seçicidir, mantıksaldır, evrenseldir, genelleyicidir, eleştiricidir, sistemlidir, soyutlayıcıdır, kanıt ister ve bilimi tetikleyen merak ve tutkudur.
4-Bilim tarihi neden önemlidir?
Bilimin bugünkü seviyeye gelmesi, insanoğlunun yazıyı bulduğu tarihten bugüne yaklaşık 5000 yıllık bir maziye sahiptir. Günlük hayatta kullandığımız araçların arkasında bilim ve teknoloji vardır. Bu bilim ve teknoloji bir anda ortaya çıkmamıştır.
5-Bilimin doğası nedir?
Bilimin ve rolünün ne olduğunu, bilim insanlarının kim olduğu ve ne rol oynadıklarını, gözlemleri, gerçekleri, doğayı ve bilimin nasıl yapıldığıdır.
6-Merak ve hayal gücü bilim için neden            önemlidir? Örnek veriniz.
Çünkü merak duygusu ile hayal gücü olmasaydı bilim ortaya çıkamazdı. Örneğin merak insanı araştırmaya yöneltir. Hayal gücü ise bilimsel çözümler üretmek için önemlidir.
7-Bilimsel bilgi neden test edilebilir        olmalıdır?
Çünkü bilim ispat, kanıt ister. Bir olgunun bilimsel olması için kanıtlanabilir olmalı bunun içinde bu olguların test edilebilir ve ölçülebilir olması gerekir.
8-Bilimsel bilgi değişime açık mıdır?                 Açıklayınız.
Evet, her zaman değişime açıktır. Önceden doğru kabul edilen bir şey daha sonra bir takım deneyeler sonucu yanlış kabul edilebilir. Örneğin Plüton önceden gezegen sayılıyordu anca daha sonra gezegen olmadığı anlaşıldı.

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Taha Özcan /mualla ersezgin seconday school

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Taha Özcan /mualla ersezgin seconday school

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why is the history of science important            history of science is the most basic component of culture especi ally intellectual culture and has a privileged importance in that it includes the historical adventure of all mental activities of human beings especi ally scientific  thinking ın this respect it includes scientific culurel  and plitical dimensions.

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Demir Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondry School

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Demir Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondry School

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What is the nature of science?

What is meant by the nature of science; It is the sum of the answers to questions such as what science is, how it works, how scientists organize their scientific research, how scientific knowledge emerges and how it develops, and what factors are affected.

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Is scientific knowledge open to change?Can you explain?

No it is not subject to change but can only change to correct wrong information.No it is not subject to change because would,turn into a dump of information . Scientists couldn’t find what they esere looking

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Ela Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Ela Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Is scientific knowledge open to change?
Can you explain?

Yes , scientific knowledge can change.

It can change based on science, experimentation, technological developments and research. Scientific knowledge can be updated or completely changed in experiments.

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Eda Yorgun Özcan /Mualla Ersezgin secondry school

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Eda Yorgun Özcan /Mualla Ersezgin secondry school

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Why should scientific knowledge be testable
The history of science is the most basic component of culture espicaly intallectuel culture and it has a privileged importance in that it includes all mental activites of Man especialy scientific thought and his historical adbenrure. İn this respect includes scientific culturel and political dimensions

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Ganime Nisa Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Ganime Nisa Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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What is science?
Methodical and systematic information wit validity and precision  at all times and places which is obtained by regular and consistent information method and verified by practice by using some metroda and experimantal ways and reaching certain Laws based and realite and realite by handling  some parti of the universe phenomena and events in the universe

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Nihat özcan/Mualla ersezgin secondary school

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Nihat özcan/Mualla ersezgin secondary school

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1:Why is the history of science important

The history of science is the most basic
Component of culture,especialy intellectual
Culture and it is
İmportant  in terms of
İncluding the historical
Adventure of all mental
Activities of man
Especialy scientific
Thinking.

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Ceren Naime Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin secondary  school

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Ceren Naime Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin secondary  school

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1-Why is curiosity and imagination important for science?

İmagination is more significant than knowledge. Because while knowledge is limited,imagination is unlimited.

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Sahra Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Sahra Özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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-Why is curiosity and imagination important for science?

Technological products created with today's creative ideas were yesterday's dreams. The creative mind, which got out of the ordinary and tended to the extraordinary, became the founding subject of science and technology. The founding subject, who wants to go one step further with the imaginative design for a creative idea, needs to apply his theoretical thoughts in the practical field. At the end of this stage, science and technology trying to offer a comfortable life to humanity still needs the creative intelligence and imagination of the human being. Creativity and imagination, which broke the walls of the mind, have been at the forefront of this magnificent journey of science and have been replaced by a technology that is rapidly developing and changing every day, providing convenience in all areas of life. When we look at today's technology, the mysterious and impressive aspect of science has really attracted the attention of creative human intelligence. If any scientific study does not benefit people, it does not attract much attention of scientists. That's why scientific studies have focused on practical aspects that meet people's needs and make their lives easier. In the creation of this activity, human creative intelligence and imagination are needed. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of creative intelligence and imagination, which are effective in producing scientific knowledge and presenting it to the service of humanity. Scientists are people who use their creative intelligence and imagination in the best way. Their existence has led to the development of science. A scientist is a person who has the courage to enter the world of the unknown and takes the knowledge from there and carries it to the world of the known. This can be done with a creative mind and a high imagination.

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sude özcan/mualla ersezgin secondary school

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sude özcan/mualla ersezgin secondary school

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5)what is the  nature of science

In the nineteenth century, the classical understanding of science was dominant in the world of science. According to this understanding; The only truth is absolute truth. Scientific knowledge is formed as a result of inductive inferences, starting from simple and unbiased observations. Scientific principles such as theory and law exist in nature. After their studies, scientists reveal these scientific principles that are hidden in nature.

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Ege Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Ege Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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-Why should scientific knowledge be testable?

-Because we have to test to prove the accuracy of scientific knowledge, that is, our experience.

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ECRİN NAZ ŞEKER\MUALLA ERSEZGİN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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ECRİN NAZ ŞEKER\MUALLA ERSEZGİN SECONDARY SCHOOL

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WHAT IS SCIENCE?

*Science can be defined as an information activity that systematically investigates and examines the structure and functioning of the physical world through observation and experimentation . Based on his research findings, he tries to show cause-effect connections on events and phenomena. For example, a psychologist's systematic observation of human behavior, or a biologist's explanation of their causes based on his experiments on cell structure.

Science means methodical knowledge. Science is one of the tools that enable people to understand themselves and the universe. Science is the common name of mental activities that are objective, based on observation and experiment, the results of which can be generalized, about the universe, the society in which people live, and the universe extending from the atoms to the galaxies.

WHAT DOES SCIENCE DO?

* Science deals with all events on Earth. These events are not only physical, but also sociological, psychological, natural events, economic and cultural events. The world and all the events on it are within the scope of science. Mankind has been curious about many issues since its existence. Science has also developed with these curiosities.

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF SCIENCE?

*one. science is factual

Science expresses directly or indirectly observable phenomena. In science, no theory or hypothesis is considered true unless it is proven based on the results of observations or experiments. For example, “The world is round.” proposition is factual. It can be said to be true or false by observations.

2. Science is certain

A skeptical and critical view is very important in reaching scientific knowledge. The selection of research topics and the research process take place with this skeptical and critical view. When the research is completed, the results reached by the scientific method are accepted as final. For example, "All objects fall at the same speed in the vacuum", which is reached after examining the fall of different objects in vacuum by the physicists. It is a law whose judgment has been accepted with certainty.

In this case, without contradicting the precision principle, "Not all objects fall at the same speed in a vacuum." I cannot say that I have observed it. Logic and mathematics are formal knowledge and their inferences are mental. Therefore, its conclusions are full of precision. However, certainty in the natural sciences is not absolute. Certainty in the natural sciences is information that is defined as having a very high probability level. In social sciences, on the other hand, since people who have variable characteristics over time and society elements in relation to people are taken as the basis, science in these fields should be more careful when making claims of certainty.

A skeptical and critical view is very important in reaching scientific knowledge. The selection of research topics and the research process take place with this skeptical and critical view. When the research is completed, the results reached by the scientific method are accepted as final. For example, "All objects fall at the same speed in a vacuum", which is reached after examining the fall of different objects in a vacuum by physicists. It is a law whose judgment has been accepted with certainty.

In this case, without contradicting the precision principle, "Not all objects fall at the same speed in a vacuum." I cannot say that I have observed it. Logic and mathematics are formal knowledge and their inferences are mental. Therefore, its conclusions are full of precision. However, certainty in the natural sciences is not absolute. Certainty in the natural sciences is information that is defined as having a very high probability level. In social sciences, on the other hand, since people who have variable characteristics over time and society elements in relation to people are taken as the basis, science in these fields should be more careful when making claims of certainty.

3. Science is selective

The phenomena happening in the universe are endless in terms of variety and number. Every science chooses facts about its subject from among them and does not deal with others. Biology examines questions about biology, physics studies questions about physics. Since the phenomena happening in the universe are infinite in variety and number, it is both unnecessary and impossible for science to deal with all of them. For this reason, the facts that are the subject of scientific research cover only a small part of all facts. All scientific observations and experiments gain effectiveness only when they focus on certain facts in the light of a certain hypothesis.

4. Science is logical

The results of science are self-consistent and far from any contradiction. In addition, science uses the rules of logical thinking and inference in the process of verifying a hypothesis or theory. It is necessary to renew scientific data in every condition and situation and to reveal the reality of the results. Science is more of a discovery and validation process than a set of results. Science seeks to achieve its purpose by constantly testing and correcting our assumptions or expectations about the world.

5. Science is universal

It belongs to all humanity. When we look at the history of science; It is seen that the first important steps in the study of astronomy, mathematics and medicine were taken in the Indian, Sumerian, Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations, developed in the Islamic world between the 8th and 12th centuries, and extraordinary successes were achieved in the West during the last 400 years. Science contains relationships that do not change according to place and time. Science emerges as a result of a certain accumulation. Every new knowledge develops by integrating with previous knowledge. Science, for all its factual soundness, is relative knowledge. Instead of absolute truth and infallibility, truth is approached with temporary truths. The results obtained with scientific information consist of generalizations with a high probability of validity.

6. Science is generalizing

Reaches generalizations based on similarities by establishing relationships between cases. It deals with general facts, not individual events. For example, the marriage of Ali and Ayşe has no significance in terms of social science. But the phenomenon of marriage is of interest to social science. Sociology “Monogamy is common in societies where women enjoy economic freedom and equal rights with men.” gives general results such as Science deals with types of phenomena, not individual facts. For this reason, classification is the first step of scientific research. For example, propositions such as water boils at 100 degrees and copper is conductive do not refer to individual facts, but to properties related to unlimited scope of phenomenon classes.

7. Science is critical

In the scientific method, no matter how plausible the claims put forward, the critical approach is not abandoned. Every theory or view in science is accepted as "true" as long as it is supported by facts. He does not give up his critical stance in the face of every claim, no matter how reasonable it may seem. For example, while it is accepted that the smallest piece of matter is the atom, it has been revealed that there are also small pieces of atoms due to the critical attitude of science. In this sense, science is a self-correcting process.

8. Science is systematic

Science arrives at results using the scientific method and data collection techniques, not haphazardly. Science has integrity in itself. Societies have been formed by the coexistence of people in the historical process. The functioning and change of institutions and groups that make up the society are in a cause-effect relationship within the framework of certain laws. In other words, social change and development are not accidental.

9. Science is abstracting

The principle of abstraction is one of the most fundamental features of science, and without abstraction, science is not considered done. Testing hypotheses is a concrete or factual process. However, scientists try to integrate the relationships they derive from the hypotheses supported by the facts in question into a theory.

WHY IS THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IMPORTANT?

The history of science, which is an interdisciplinary discipline, is first and foremost a history of thought. Because science is an effort to search for facts about nature today as it was in Ancient Greece and in other times. For this reason, the history of science is the history of the development of scientific theories and scientific ideas (influenced by each other). Famous science historian Alexandre Koyre (1892-1964) drew attention to this basic feature of the history of science when he said, “The real history of science is the process of the mind reaching the truth”.

But the history of science is also an institutional and social history. Because science is actually a social activity and scientists are affected by the existing social conditions at various levels during their work. Therefore, science, economic, political, cultural and so on. advances, pauses or regresses depending on the nature of the circumstances. That is why it is the main field of study of the history of science to reach some facts about the basic dynamics of the development of science by analyzing the conditions in which science was at its peak and the conditions in which it declined.

The history of science, on the other hand, is the history of the personal lives of scientists. What are the factors that lead a person to be interested in science and to gain success in this field? It is possible to find different answers to this question in the personal life adventures of scientists. For example, the winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Prof. Dr. What does Aziz Sancar's life story make us think about the development of science in our country and in the world?

The history of science actually deals with the analysis and synthesis of the structure formed by the intertwined interaction of these three components. Therefore, its scope is very rich and complex. In the success of these studies, it is an important necessity and role for science historians to acquire specialized knowledge specific to various branches of science at certain levels.

Studies in the history of science are primarily of interest to the community of historians and philosophers of science. However, the target audience is high school and university students who love science and are interested in scientific studies, and young scientists who have just taken a new step in their profession. Because the discipline of history of science, which tries to determine the main development conditions and mechanisms of scientific theories, of course does not always reveal ready and precise prescriptions in this regard, but with the striking examples from the history of the formation of scientific theories, it helps young people to gain an identity that can think from multiple directions and to expand their horizons of understanding. The great historian Ranke (1795-1886) pointed to this fact when he said, “History has been given the authority to evaluate the past and educate the present for the benefit of the future”.

Today, scientific information and theories in educational institutions in our country, unlike many countries, are not given to students in their historical development, but at the latest level reached. Such a training method is narrow-minded and lazy. However, the new information given with its development in the historical process is thought-provoking, stimulating, encouraging and refreshing. It provides the young scientist with the opportunity to feel the unique role he can take in the history of science and encourages him in his studies.

It was only in the early 20th century that the idea of ​​science as the greatest social transformer gained prominence (hence the history of science became an important key not only for understanding the rules of scientific development, but also for explaining social transformations). The reason for this delay is that science reached a gigantic level only in the 19th century. The fact that the history of science is still a young discipline is also related to this late rise of science and its relatively recent realization of its major role in social transformation.

For this reason, giving importance to the studies of the history of science also means being aware of the great importance of current scientific studies.

WHAT IS THE NATURE OF SCIENCE?

In the nineteenth century, the classical understanding of science was dominant in the world of science. According to this understanding; The only truth is absolute truth. Scientific knowledge is formed as a result of inductive inferences, starting from simple and unbiased observations. Scientific principles such as theory and law exist in nature. After their studies, scientists reveal these scientific principles that are hidden in nature.

After the studies of science historians and epistemologists at the beginning of the twentieth century, views on the nature of science changed and new approaches were introduced in the world of science. One of these approaches is the modern understanding of science. According to the modern understanding of science, absolute knowledge cannot exist because everything is in a state of change and development. It is this change and development that keeps science alive. Science is created by scientists to give meaning to facts and better understand the world. None of the information revealed by scientists are immutable truths. In other words, the information put forward are determinations that have not been proven to be false. In addition, scientific principles such as theory and law are not hidden in nature. Such scientific principles are a product of the human mind.

There is no certain information in science, but there is reliable information. In order for an information to be reliable, it must be accepted by scientists who have authority in the field of scientific research methods and the information obtained in the process of obtaining the information.

According to the modern understanding of science, the absence of absolute knowledge requires constant research. This shows that a scientific knowledge accepted in the scientific world can be questioned and researched again. The new scientific information obtained after the researches may or may not support the accepted knowledge in the scientific world. If the new information obtained supports the existing information, the belief in the accuracy of the existing information will increase, if not, the existing information will be developed or changed in the light of this information.

Accepting a piece of information as absolute truth means that after a while there will be no subject to research, which would be the end of science. Accepting the changeable nature of scientific knowledge means that this knowledge is constantly being researched, and this ensures the progress of science.

WHY ARE CURIOUS AND IMAGINATION IMPORTANT TO SCIENCE?

*Creative intelligence and imagination precede experiment and observation in acquiring scientific knowledge. Because these two notions acted as a bridge for the scientist to carry the information he obtained from the unknown field to a known field. It is discussed whether it will be useful or not, and presented to the society by passing through the filter of criticism. This presentation shows itself as technology. In other words, in the transition phase of creative intelligence and imagination as scientific knowledge, from theory to practice, the potential mind formed the dynamo of technology.

WHY SHOULD SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BE TESTED?

*1-The validity of scientific knowledge is tested by observing the facts. We test its validity through observations and comprehend scientific knowledge with objective data, but it is not enough for scientific theories to be formed only by observations and experiments. We measure, hypothesize, and construct logical and consistent explanations.

2-The fact that scientific information is repeated increases the reliability of that scientist, but does not mean that it has been proven. It just brings us closer to scientific knowledge. Another scientist may reach different conclusions with his own logical explanations. Many scientists have answered the question of what is the shape of the world, but each of them made different propositions and used different methods. It should not be forgotten that there is a margin of error in every scientific knowledge.

IS SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OPEN TO CHANGE?

* Since scientific information is scientific and not dogmatic, it may change based on science, experimentation, technological developments and research.

In the way of scientific knowledge, there can be additional changes that strengthen the previous one, or there can be a change that completely changes the previous one and removes it.

Scientific knowledge is not viewed as obsessively as this cannot be changed. It is always accepted that this information may change with new experiments. This is correct information until proven otherwise.

*Scientific information is reliable, besides it can change. The fact that scientific knowledge is changeable does not mean that it is unreliable. Scientific knowledge can evolve in history as a result of the data obtained as a result of some accumulations and move to another dimension. Scientific knowledge changes and develops as a result of some factors such as people's socio-cultural lives and changes in technology, people's lifestyles. Fungi are the best examples of this. Fungi, which were included in the class of plants until the 1960s, are now considered a separate class.

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Mehmet Uğur Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Mehmet Uğur Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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3- What are the Characteristics of Science? Can you explain at least two science features with an example?

1.  Science is factual.
2.  Scientific knowledge is based on observable facts.
3.  Scientific knowledge is self-consistent.
4.  Science is objective

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Batuhan özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Batuhan özcan/Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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WHAT İS NATURE OF SCİENCE

Natural sciences are science with natural phenomena. The subject is natural. Everything that exists independently of human thought is an illusion. In physics, the chemistry of the industries of matter, the wound of living things, the physical sciences, astronomy and earth science, and the natural sciences are fundamental.

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Tuğba Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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Tuğba Özcan / Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

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1-What is science?

Science is something that is done through experimentation and experimentation. Inventing  something or researching something is one of the sciences

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T.İREM SU-PINAR/TURGUT ÖZAL ORTAOKULU1)I think science is life.It allows us to live life by understanding.2)Science deals with everything thet exists in life.Animals,planets,humans etc.3)Provenable,fun and realistic.4)We can desing the future accordingly.5) I think to study the details of science.6)When people arecurious,they search and find useful things.7)Because people should be able to prove it’s true8)Definitely.Because new information may be gained.This may change the previous assumption.

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T.İREM SU-PINAR/TURGUT ÖZAL ORTAOKULU1)I think science is life.It allows us to live life by understanding.2)Science deals with everything thet exists in life.Animals,planets,humans etc.3)Provenable,fun and realistic.4)We can desing the future accordingly.5) I think to study the details of science.6)When people arecurious,they search and find useful things.7)Because people should be able to prove it’s true8)Definitely.Because new information may be gained.This may change the previous assumption.

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T.ZUHAL (PINAR KAPLAN/TURGUT ÖZAL SECONDARY SCHOOL)

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T.ZUHAL (PINAR KAPLAN/TURGUT ÖZAL SECONDARY SCHOOL)

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1- What is Science
I think Science is universal language

2- What does science deal with?
With universe

3- What are the Characteristics of Science? (Can you explain at least two science features with an example?

The first caracter of science is that it is objective and can be explained by experiments.

Then it takes a lot of work

4- Why is the history of science important?

To be a lesson to future generations

5- What is the nature of science?
Us...

6- Why is curiosity and imagination important for science? Can you give an example?

7- Why should scientific knowledge be testable?

Concrete evidence is needed to believe it exists. For this, testability is important

8- Is scientific knowledge open to change? Can you explain
Open to development, not change.

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1 - What is science

Science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. It is the effort to discover and increase human knowledge of how the Universe works. And science also justify, or tries to justify, events such as, for example, how acid rain is formed, or why there are climate changes.