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"Can plants help to prevent permafrost thaw?" The University of Edinburgh, 13 June 2019, www.ed.ac.uk/sustainability/what-we-do/climate-change/case-studies/climate-research/can-plants-prevent-permafrost-thaw.

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"Arctic permafrost is an area of intense research focus because of its climate threat. The frozen ground holds enormous stores of methane because the ice traps methane rising from inside the Earth, as well as gas made by microbes living in the soil. Scientists worry that the warming Arctic could lead to rapidly melting permafrost, releasing all that stored methane and creating a global warming feedback loop as the methane in the atmosphere traps heat and melts even more permafrost….Researchers are trying to gauge this risk by accurately measuring stores of methane in permafrost on land and in the ocean, and predicting how fast it will thaw as the planet warms. Though methane gas quickly decays once it escapes into the atmosphere, lasting only about 10 years, it is 30 times more efficient than carbon dioxide at trapping heat (the greenhouse effect)….Shakova and colleague Igor Semiletov of the Russian Academy of Sciences first discovered methane bubbling up from the shallow seafloor a decade ago in Russia’s Laptev Sea. Methane is trapped there in ground frozen during past ice ages, when sea level was much lower.”. 2014, theoldspeakjournal.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/increasing-methane-releases-from-thawing-arctic-permafrost-is-accelerating-global-warming-as-industrial-civilization-plunders-on/.

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- Permafrost is often found in Arctic regions such as Greenland, the U.S. state of Alaska, Russia, China, and Eastern Europe
- Permafrost is thawing so abruptly, it's gouging holes in the Arctic.
- When permafrost is frozen, it’s harder than concrete. However, thawing permafrost can destroy houses, roads and other infrastructure
- Various grazers including the Yakutian horses trample down on the snow which slows the melting of the permafrost.
- In Alaska, there is a permafrost research tunnel facility maintained by the U.S. Army.

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NSIDC. "All About Frozen Ground." National Snow & Ice Data Center, nsidc.org/cryosphere/frozenground/climate.html. Accessed 30 Mar. 2021.

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Permafrost has an important part in the water cycle. It leads to greater infiltration of surface water into groundwater which in turn creates increased water storage and a greater regional water balance.

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Doyle, Heather. "What is Permafrost." NASA Climate Kids, 30 Feb. 2021, climatekids.nasa.gov/permafrost/.

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When the arctic ice and permafrost melt, they warp lifestyles and the landscape. Arctic ice and permafrost locks carbon, mercury, microbes, soil etcetera. Trapped diseases, gases, etcetera are beginning to be released which could potentially harm and infect animals and humans. There is more carbon in arctic ice and permafrost than in the atmosphere. Melting it risks accelerating climate change even further. If the world continues to increase its emissions and hits 5 degrees of warming, around 69% could be lost. That would drastically change the landscape of the arctic and further accelerate climate change. Slowing and/or stopping climate change is the main solution in stopping the melting of Arctic ice and permafrost.

Resnick, Brian. "Melting permafrost in the Arctic is unlocking diseases and warping the landscape." Vox , 15 Nov. 2019, www.vox.com/2017/9/6/16062174/permafrost-melting.

Morford, Stacey. When frozen land thaws, the loss of ice in the soil creates landscapes that can be easily eroded. “This study suggests that similar processes occurred during past warming events with important implications for the land-to-ocean permafrost carbon fluxes,” says lead author Tommaso Tesi. Illustration: Tesi, et al. 2016. 2016, blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/12/02/when-permafrost-melts/.

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When there is a permafrost, organic carbon in the soil is unable to decompose, but when the permafrost melts it exposes the carbon in the soil to decompose

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To prevent permafrost, experts recommended that the roads get painted white to reflect the heat. Plants like trees and shrubs around the environment also help to make shade for the soil.

2019. "Arctic's Melting Permafrost Will Cost Nearly $70 Trillion, Study Finds," by Common Dreams. EcoWatch, 23 Apr. 2019, www.ecowatch.com/melting-permafrost-2635354893.html.

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Melting permafrost is the melting of frozen soil due to warm temperatures.

Yale E360 How Thawing Permafrost Is Beginning to Transform the Arctic, e360.yale.edu/features/how-melting-permafrost-is-beginning-to-transform-the-arctic.

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Permafrost is a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.

Olefeldt, David. Abrupt permafrost thaw creates divots in landscapes, releasing high amounts of greenhouse gases.. 2020, www.wired.com/story/abrupt-permafrost-thaw/.