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The Enchanted Drawing is a 1900 silent film directed by J. Stuart Blackton. It is best known for containing animated sequences recorded on standard picture film, which has led Blackton to be considered the father of American animation. "Upon a large sheet of white paper a cartoonist is seen at work rapidly sketching the portrait of an elderly gentleman of most comical feature and expression. After completing the likeness the artist rapidly draws on the paper a clever sketch of a bottle of wine and a goblet, and then, to the surprise of all, actually removes them from the paper on which they were drawn and pours actual wine out of the bottle into a real glass. Surprising effects quickly follow after this; and the numerous changes of expression which flit over the face in the sketch cause a vast amount of amusement and at the same time give a splendid illustration of the caricaturist's art. 100 feet"--Edison films catalog.

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The set is of the interior of a bakery. A man in a baker's hat and costume enters and begins kneading some dough on a table by the oven. He notices a make-believe rat crawling up the side of a nearby barrel and throws the dough at the rat, covering it completely. He then goes over to the dough and begins to pummel it with his hands. His back is to the camera, which obscures the actual manipulation of the dough, but when he steps away there is now a sculptured mask to admire. He sculpts another mask, and two other men, also dressed as bakers, come in, see what he is doing, pick him up bodily, and stick him head first into the flour barrel.

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Fantasmagorie is a 1908 French animation film by Emile was first shown during the summer of 1908, in Paris. It lasted for less than two minutes. In the film, the artist’s hand appears and speedily draws a clown swinging from a bar. Drawn to life, the clown lets go of the bar, which drops down to form a box. The film continues along this vein.The film largely consists of a stick-man moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower which becomes an elephant. There are also sections of live action where the animator's hands enter the scene. The main character is drawn by the artist's hand on camera, and the main characters are a clown and a gentleman. Other characters include a woman in a film theater wearing a large hat with gigantic feathers.

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Wladyslaw Starewicz was a stop motion animator with a background in Entomology which is why in some of his work he would use real dead insects as puppets for his animations. The Insects' Christmas is about a family of tree ornaments and the Father goes away and decorates a tree in the forest and when he is done, he invites the near by insects and a nice frog to join in and celebrate together.

references:
Władysław Starewicz. (n.d.). Culture.pl. https://culture.pl/en/artist/wladyslaw-starewicz.
Beetleski. (n.d.). CLOSE-UP. https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/issue-20-september-2008/beetleski/.
Neuberger, J. (n.d.). Early stop-motion animation, starring dead bugs, is meticulous, hilarious. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/04/wladislaw-starewicz-the-director-created-stop-motion-animation-using-dead-bugs-as-actors.html

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Willis H. O'Brien is probably one of the most famous stop motion animators to ever work in the industry, and along with this film, Prehistoric Poultry, he also made The Lost World in the following decade and it is believed that these movies were the main influence for the Jurassic Park movies. Prehistoric Poultry is a short film the centres around a caveman who is constantly getting pranked but his pet and the name sake of this movie, a pet chicken ends up avenging his caveman owner.

references:
Spess, M. (n.d.). Willis O'Brien - The man who created Kong. Welcome to The Stop Motion Magic Community. https://www.animateclay.com/index.php/articles/11-stop-motion-pioneers/44-willis-o-brien-the-man-who-created-kong.
Ettleman, T. (2018, July 31). The missing link to King Kong. Medium. https://trettleman.medium.com/the-missing-link-to-king-kong-ea3188c78939

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The Adventures of Prince Achmed is silhouette animation, which is technically a form of stop motion animation that was invented by Lotte Reiniger, in which the cardboard cutouts and thin sheets of lead are manipulated not using hands and done live the camera. This film is a German animated fairytale film which is the oldest surviving animated feature film, there were two other animations made in the earlier years in Argentina however those two films are  unfortunately lost. The production of this film took three years to make from 1923 to 1926, about 24 frames were needed per second and each frame had was hard to film as well. The plot of this film is about a sorcerer who conjured a flying horse in which he showed the king. The king was willing pay the sorcerer for the flying horse in gold however the sorcerer refused gold, so the gave his daughter as payment. The brother who is Prince Achmed objects the proposal, the sorcerer then gives the prince to take a ride on the flying horse. However the horse soared flew far far away taking the Prince to a far off land. The prince Achmed is taken to a foreign land full of magic, adventure, danger lurking in every corner.

Reference:
- (Stafford, 2003)
- (Feaster, 2003)
- (Reignier, 1926)

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Filmmaker Carl Denham and his crew encounter a giant ape in Skull Island and imprison it to bring it to New York. However, they land in trouble when the giant ape is set free in the city. King Kong is a film monster, resembling an enormous gorilla-like ape, that has appeared in various media since 1933. He has been dubbed The Eighth Wonder of the World, a phrase commonly used within the films. The character first appeared in the novelization of the 1933 film King Kong from RKO Pictures, with the film premiering a little over two months later. The film received universal acclaim upon its initial release and re-releases. A sequel quickly followed that same year with The Son of Kong, featuring Little Kong. In the 1960s, Toho produced King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962), pitting a larger and more powerful Kong against Toho's own Godzilla, and King Kong Escapes (1967), a spin-off loosely based on The King Kong Show (1966–1969) from Rankin/Bass Productions. In 1976, Dino De Laurentiis produced a modern remake of the original film directed by John Guillermin. A sequel, King Kong Lives, followed a decade later featuring a Lady Kong. Another remake of the original, this time set in 1933, was released in 2005 from filmmaker Peter Jackson.

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The Tale of the Fox was stop-motion animation pioneer Ladislas Starevich's first fully animated feature film. The film is based on the tales of Renard the Fox. Although the animation was finished in Paris after an 18-month period, there were major problems with adding a soundtrack to the film. The Tale of the Fox (French: Le Roman de Renard, Dutch: Van den vos Reynaerde, German: Reinecke Fuchs) was stop-motion animation  pioneer Ladislas Starevichs first fully animated feature film. The film is based on the tales of Renard the Fox. Although the animation was finished in Paris after an 18-month period (1929–1930), there were major problems with adding a soundtrack to the film. Finally, funding was given for a German soundtrack by the UFA—Goethe had written a classic version of the Renard legend—and this version had its premiere in Berlin in April 1937.

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11min | Animation, Short, Fantasy | 1935 (Germany) Film shows the story of Papageno (the one from Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute"), who wants a mate, yet has difficulties getting one.

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Karel Zeman is a Czech film director and animator and has worked on many, many films over the years and made it his goal to create worlds through film making and hoped to expose audiences to grand new experiences. A Horseshoe For Luck is a film about a man that finds a horseshoe one day and thinks that it will make him lucky. However at every instance when he expects the horseshoe to be in his favour, instead the man ends up in an unlucky situation or even getting hurt.

references:
Karel Zeman | dafilms.com. (n.d.). dafilms.com – Your Online Documentary Cinema. https://dafilms.com/director/10583-karel-zeman.
A horseshoe for luck (S) (1946). (n.d.). FilmAffinity. https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film431199.html

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Jiri Trnka has a lot of titles in the film industry and among them all is also a animator and one of his favourite ways to animate with stop motion, was to use puppets. The Devil's Mill is a mystical type story that has the devil show up at a mill, however a barrel organ grinder meets the devil one night and then defeats the devil, sending him away from the mill.

references:
May 2018 – Gitterchicken. (n.d.). Gitterchicken – Break out of your shell. https://www.glitterchicken.org/2018/05/.
The devil's mill (1949) – Filmový přehled. (n.d.). Filmový přehled. https://www.filmovyprehled.cz/en/film/398697/the-devils-mill

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1954 Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy

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1954 Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy

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The movie Hansal and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy was released on the 10th of October in 1954 in New York. This was directed by John Paul and produced by Micheal Myerberg, then released through RKO Radio Pictures. This film was based of the opera Hänsel and Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck which the incorporates the music and songs from the this opera in the film. The stop motion animation used puppets called kinemins which were made with clay and casted with foam latex, then given a paint job. The set for the play and props was made very big, they used appliqued paper cutouts, thick paper mache and the backgrounds were painted on, the had to install trap doors undereath the set to move the sets. These kinemins cost around $2500 for each puppet, they are also one-third life size as well, the set was very big as well they were too big to use hands to move the kinemin so they were manupilated by the trap doors underneath the set. This was filmed in Myerberg's Second Avenue Studios, Myerberg released the film by himself, then after the positives reviews from the box office showing, in which RKO Radio Pictures accuired the film for a nation wide release to show during the Christmas holiday season. This movie has won awards such as the 1954 "Parents Magazine" Medal for the Movie of the Month, it got nominated at the 1959 Grammy Awards for "Best Recording for Children and the 1995 "Dove Foundation" Family approval seal as well.

References:
- (Paul, 1954)

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A Midsummer Night's Dream is a Czechoslovak stop motion animation movie that using puppets which was released in 1959, driected by Jíri Trnka. This was his last released feature length film beofe he passed 10 years later in 1969. This movie was based on Shakespeare's play Midsummer Night's Dream. Trnka was working under the Czech communist regime, in which they had denied his wish to adapt to Don Quixote for his adaption of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he described using the puppets for animation as a more liquid and more balletic movement, with the romantic chemistry of the characters Nick Bottom and Titania being adding to the movie. This movie had to be individually animated in a magical set with fairies, extensive Coral garlanding and more magical objects. Every frame was shot with the use of two camera, one shooting Academy Ratio and the other shooting in the new CinemaScope format, successfully getting an in-camera Pan and Scan shots so Trnka can have his widescreen production will be in a letter box. There are two different editions of this movie.

Reference:
- (Howard, 2013)
- (Trnka, 1959)

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Rudolph’s story began with a Jewish Montgomery Ward copywriter named Robert May. The department store began preparing for Christmas 1939 nearly a year in advance, and tasked May with penning an original holiday story they could market to shoppers. When the special finally aired in 1964, it became such a hit that it has been rebroadcast every year since, making it the longest-running Christmas special in history. Even today, the special still punches above its weight; when Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer aired on CBS in 2016. In 2017,

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The Hand is a 1965 Czechoslovak stop motion puppet animation film directed by Jiří Trnka. It was to be Trnka's final film. Critics and viewers praised The Hand as one of the best animated shorts of all time. The Film was first released in 1965. The film features a conflict between a powerless Harlequin and a powerful Hand. Harlequin is an artist who makes Sculptures. He is commanded by The Hand to make only sculptures of Hand but Harlequin decides to resist the Hand as he wishes to make ceramic pots for his flowers. The Hand tries to change his mind by threatening him, manipulating him or by causing trouble for him.

The Hand eventually catches Harlequin with a trick and locks him in a cage where he makes the ordered Statue. The Hand rewards him with medals and laurels, but he becomes sad and decides to escape. He brings down the statue and makes a hole in the cage. He jumps out of the cage and runs away while being chased by the Hand. As he runs, he throws away all of his medals and laurels. He gets home in the end and barricades himself there. As he barricades himself in a closet, a pot with a flower falls on him. Harlequin falls to the floor and sees his beloved flowers as he dies. When the Hand gets into the House, Harlequin is already dead. The Hand uses the closet as a coffin for Harlequin and makes a pompous funeral for him.

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On the Isle of Evil, Baron Boris von Frankestein (voiced by Boris Karloff) achieves his ultimate ambition, the secret of total destruction. Having perfected and tested the formula, he sends out messenger bats to summon all monsters to the Isle of Evil in the Caribbean Sea. The Baron intends to inform them of his discovery and also to reveal his imminent retirement as head of the "Worldwide Organization of Monsters". Besides Frankesteins Monster (sometimes referred to as "Fang") and the Monsters more intelligent mate (voiced by Phyllis Diller) who live in the isle's castle with Boris, the invites also include Count Dracula, the Mummy, Quasimodo (referred to as "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame"), the Werewolf, The Invisible Man, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and the Creature from the Black Lagoon (referred to as just "The Creature").

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Jules Bass' main background lines up more with the music side of the entertainment industry but also has some credits and titles on the filming side of things as well and it is here that he made a classic film about Christmas. The Year Without A Santa Claus is a fantastical film that takes the audience on a magical journey with lots of fun and interesting characters along the way, as well as some childhood favourites like mother nature and all of Santa's reindeer.

references:
Jules bass. (n.d.). Thundercats Wiki. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://thundercats-ho.fandom.com/wiki/Jules_Bass

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Yuriy Norshteyn is a Russian animator who has been in the industry for decades with Hedgehog In The Fog being one of his most well known films. Hedgehog In The Fog is a tale about a hedgehog going about his day and is trying to get out of some thick fog he seems to be stuck in, along his journey ends up falling into a river and after a series of events, winds up receiving some help and escapes the fog by the end.

references:
Yuri Norstein. (n.d.). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0635956/.
Hedgehog in the fog. (1975, October 23). Russian Film Hub. https://russianfilmhub.com/movies/hedgehog-in-the-fog-1975/

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Twice Upon a Time is fantasy animated comedy stopn motion animation released in 1983 which was directed by John Korty and Charles Swenson and was produced by George lucas. This movie features a mix of traditional 2D animation, visual blend of live action and stop motion The movie was done using a cutouts for the animation, the filmmakers were called “Lumage”, in which the involved prefabricated cut-out plastic pieces that the animators used to manipulate on a light table. The plot for this movie is about a group unlikely people banding together to help save the cosmic clock that was wound too tightly where they are forced to go on an amazing adventure with magic, magical creatures who can shape-shift and beautiful lands to return the cosmic clock to it's normal pace.

Reference:
- (Jenkins, 2007)
- (Korty and Swenson, 1983)

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The movie The Adventures of Mark Twain was released in 1985, this movie is a stop motion animation that uses clay for the animation directed by Will Vinton. The concept of the animation was inspired by a quote from Twain, "I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year (1910), and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.” He was admaent about passing when Halley's Comet came again, he passed in 1910 a day after Halley's Comet reached perihelion. The plot of the story is about three storeaway kids who wanted to become popular astronauts. When the kids find Twain they discover he's trying to pilot the aircraft to meet Halley's comet. Fearing that they might end up dead by the end of the trip the trio learns to fly the ship while trying to sabotage the adventure while learning many things about Twain. The film has series of snippets from several of Mark Twain's work, built around the plot that features attempts to keep with his fixture with Halley's Comet.

References:
- (Gartler, 2013)
- (Vinton, 1985)

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Jack Skellington, the pumpkin king of Halloween Town, is bored with doing the same thing every year for Halloween. One day he stumbles into Christmas Town, and is so taken with the idea of Christmas that he tries to get the resident bats, ghouls, and goblins of Halloween Town to help him put on Christmas instead of Halloween -- but alas, they can't get it quite right. Jack Skellington, king of Halloween Town, discovers Christmas Town, but his attempts to bring Christmas to his home causes confusion.

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Wallace takes in a new lodger, a devious penguin. Sporting some techno-trousers, the penguin plans a grand theft, a plan that involves putting Wallace in danger. Will Gromit be able to stop the feathered fiend? There’s something not right about this penguin and when Gromit spots a ‘Wanted’ poster for a criminal ‘chicken’, it would seem his suspicions are correct. Meanwhile, the helpless Wallace finds himself under Feathers’ control – quite literally! The dastardly penguin has adapted Wallace’s Techno Trousers for his latest heist and he’s going to get Wallace to carry out his dirty work...

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An orphaned boy drops magical crocodile tongues which later grow into a never-ending peach tree. He finds his new family which are six insects that help him on his adventure. James' happy life at the English seaside is rudely ended when his parents are killed by a rhinoceros and he goes to live with his two horrid aunts. Daringly saving the life of a spider he comes into possession of magic boiled crocodile tongues, after which an enormous peach starts to grow in the garden. Venturing inside, he meets not only the spider but a number of new friends including a ladybug and a centipede who help him with his plan to try to get to New York.

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Adam Elliot is an Australian writer, director, producer and animator that is based out of Melbourne, who has participated in hundreds film festivals and has racked up several hundred awards during his time. Harvie Krumpet is a movie of an unlucky man living his day to day life but instead of getting bogged down, chooses to focus on the better things life has to offer.

references:
Krumpet wins! (2020, February 23). Simon Sellars. https://www.simonsellars.com/krumpet-wins

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Seth Green has a very long resume and has been in the film and television industry for many but was usually in front of the camera, but started working behind the scenes as he got older and probably his most notable work is that of the Robot Chicken franchise. It's a franchise of parodies and satire but the Robot Chicken Star Wars movie is no exception. it follows the same basic storyline of the original movie but with Seth's comedic spin and at times almost 4th wall breaking humour.

references:
Patches, M. (2019, September 28). Seth green made robot chicken, then robot chicken made Seth green. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2019/9/28/20887952/robot-chicken-season-10-adult-swim-seth-green-interview

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Paranorman is an American stopmotion animated dark fantasy, comedy horror film made in 2011, directed by Sam Fell and Chris Bulter and produced by Laika at Laika's studio which was in production for three years. This movie was the first stop motion animation to use full-colour 3D printers for replacement animation, it used 3D colour printer to create the character's faces as well. This movie had many positive reviews and was a huge box office success, whihc earned $107 million worldwide when it had a budget $60 million to make the film. This movie was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Film as well. The plot for this movie is about a young boy named Norman who has the ability to communicate with ghosts and is given a task by to the ghosts to end a curse that was placed in his town Massachusetts that was placed by a 300 year old witch.

Referemce:
- (Fell and Bulter, 2011)

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The movie Frankenweenie is a black and white feature lengthed stop motion animation that came out in 2012, made by the director Tim Burton and produced by Walt Disney Studios. This movie was inspired by 1931's Frankenstein, in which Burton made into a parody remake in 1984 of the old movie. This was the first black and white feature length stop motion film which was met with many positive reviews at the box office. This was filmed in 3 Mills Studio in 2010, they created three giant sound stages, which were the high school interior, the cemetery exterior and Victor’s messy family attic. The sound stage sets were divided in 30 seperate areas to stick with frame to frame film production. The sets for this movie was much larger compared the stop motion animation sets. Sparky the dog, had to be made in to a life sized dog puppet with a mechanical skeleton. The mechanics to Sparky are delicate that they had to hire Swiss watchmakers to make tiny nuts and bolts for his mechanical skeletion. There were as many as 18 different versions of Victors’ puppets made and 200 separate human puppets were used for the film. They had 40-45 joints made for human character puppets and had 300 puppet parts for sparky, they also used real human hair for the human puppets. The plot of the movie is about Victor Frankenstein whose dog died, he used the power of electricity to bring his dead pet back to life, but is then forced by his peers from school in to bring their dead pets to life, which ends up in chaos.

References:
- (Burton, 2012)

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Refereneces

Amazon.com: Mad monster party: Boris karloff, Allen swift, gale Garnett, Phyllis Diller, Ethel Ennis, Tadahito Mochinaga, Jules bass, Arthur Rankin Jr., Joseph E. Levine, Jules bass, Larry Roemer, Arthur Rankin Jr., Forrest J. Ackerman, Harvey Kurtzman, Len Korobkin: Movies & TV. (n.d.). Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more. https://www.amazon.com/Mad-Monster-Party-Boris-Karloff/dp/B000069HOZ

Edwin S. Porter (1870-1941) - Find a grave... (n.d.). Find A Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/68985291/edwin-s.-porter

Emile Cohl (1857-1938) - Find a grave memorial. (n.d.). Find A Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7651/%C3%A9mile-cohl

The hand (1965). (1966, November 9). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239921/

James and the giant peach. (n.d.). Disney Movies. https://movies.disney.com/james-and-the-giant-peach

The nightmare before Christmas (1993). (1993, October 29). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107688/

Papageno (1935). (n.d.). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145955/

Pioneers of animation: J. Stuart Blackton. (2012, June 19). True Classics. https://trueclassics.wordpress.com/2011/09/03/pioneers-of-animation-j-stuart-blackton/

Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer poster//Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer movie poster//Movie poster//Poster reprint. (n.d.). The Vintage Printing Co. https://vintprints.com/products/rudolph-the-red-nosed-reindeer-poster-rudolph-the-red-nosed-reindeer-movie-poster-movie-poster-poster-reprint

This browser is no longer supported. (n.d.). https://twitter.com/mrflorey/status/1030221051630776320

Tribute to "King Kong" Producer merian C. Cooper. (n.d.). Cinema Retro. https://cinemaretro.com/index.php?/archives/2139-TRIBUTE-TO-KING-KONG-PRODUCER-MERIAN-C.-COOPER.html

Władysław Starewicz. (n.d.). Culture.pl. https://culture.pl/en/artist/wladyslaw-starewicz