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A group  of Malaysian Portuguese are posing for the camera(Source: Youtube (R.AGE)

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The Bisayas members are performing their cultural dance called Lilipot dance - Source: Youtube (MySabah)

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A line of Kelabit women in their traditional clothing -Source: Youtube ( Labang Longhouse Lodge)

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Name: Muhammad Fuad Bin Mohd Rendez
Student ID: 2021888882
Group: LG2431B
Lecturer: Dr. Maizura Binti Mohd Nor
Date of submission:   14 November 2021 (Week 5)

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Hello, everyone! My name is Muhammad Fuad bin Mohd Rendez and welcome to my ePortfolio.

Among the six major elements of culture, I have decided to work on the first element which is language and communication. In my perspectives, I strongly believe that language is the most important element in every culture as it has been used as a medium to transmit or deliver information from a person to another, verbally or non-verbally.  The style of the language itself can reflect the uniqueness of the culture. David Matsumoto from San Francisco State University has defined culture as:

‘... the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the next.’ (1996)

The definition of culture by Matsumoto clearly shows that how culture and communication are closely related for the people within the culture to pass down practices or beliefs to the younger generation.

The process of the making of this ePortfolio involves a lot of in depth researches about my ethnics of choice which are Chinese Peranakan, Kelantanese Thais, Malaysian Portuguese as well as the Kelabit and Bisaya tribes in the    Borneo.

Hopefully, my ePortfolio will provide you with important information about language from the 5 ethnics and feel free to like and comment. Mutu Merseh! 🤗

-The wallpaper of this ePortfolio is taken from ART OF ANUARDAN  on Flickr.

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A short clip of the Chinese Peranakan from a Netflix's show (Source: says.com)

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This is a thai dance called Khon (Source: Tenor.com)

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EIC404-Reflection on Cultural Mindfulness (MUHAMMAD FUAD BIN MOHD RENDEZ) 

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EIC404-Cultural Mindfulness (MUHAMMAD FUAD BIN MOHD RENDEZ) 

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Teng Bong!

- According to World History Encyclopedia, the arrival and colonisation of Portuguese at Malacca occurred in 1511 and was colonised under Portuguese’s reign for 130 years.

- Within that period, the Portuguese men settled in Malacca and married Malay women.

-Their settlement or famously known as Kampung Portugis can be found in an area Ujong Pasir in Malacca. There, visitors get to see the small Malaysian Portuguese community consisted approximately 1,000 people descended from old Portuguese comers from centuries ago. (malaysia-traveller.com)

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Information on the colonization of Portuguese in Malacca from worldhistory.org

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Information on the colonization of Portuguese in Malacca from worldhistory.org

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-The Chinese Peranakan or famously known as the Baba and Nyonya has different stories of the history of their arrival to Malaysia.

-According to peranakanlife.com, the history of Chinese Peranakan in Malaysia starts in the early 15th century when Malay peninsula had a close diplomatic relationship with China. Malacca during that triumphant era was being ruled under the reign of Parameswara.

-A Malaysian's legend about the Princess Hang Li Poh is also one of the ways the Chinese community grew among the Malays. According to the story, 500 nobles consisted of the ministers' sons and servants that came along to accompany the princess lived in their settlement in Bukit Cina and slowly their community grew bigger and become Peranakans.

-Also, due to the economic downturn in China, people from the mainland decided to migrate to Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. The settled into these three countries and eventually adapted to the local norms and practices.

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-Taken from lonelyplanet.com, the term 'Peranakan' brings the meaning 'half-caste' in Bahasa Melayu.

-Peranakan's settlements can be found all across Malaysia but most of them can be found in Malacca and Penang Island. Due to the historical events and artefacts the houses hold, some of the houses have been turned into heritage museums and eventually become one of the tourist's attractions. For example, Pinang Peranakan Mansion in Pulau Pinang and Baba and Nyonya Heritage Museum.

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Information on the history of the Chinese Peranakan in Malaysia.

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Information about the meaning of peranakan.

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Information about Malaysian Portuguese's settlement in Malacca from malaysia-traveller.com

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Information about Malaysian Portuguese's settlement in Malacca from malaysia-traveller.com

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This is a view from inside the museum (Source:123RF.com)

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What to call them? Kristang or Malaysian Portuguese?

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What to call them? Kristang or Malaysian Portuguese?

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People often get confused on how the Malaysian Portuguese should be addressed as.

-Newspaper company, The Star in one of their articles has clearly stated on the article’s headline that the community should only be called as the Malaysian Portuguese and not Kristang. This issue was brought up as the residents from the Portuguese settlements are not happy with how some people have been identifying the community as Kristang.

-Kristang is actually the name for their language (Bahasa Kristang or Cristao). (Malaysia traveller .com)

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This picture was taken by me when I was visiting the museum in 2019.

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Baba and Nyonya Heritage Museum in Malacca

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Baba and Nyonya Heritage Museum in Malacca

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Information on the history of arrival of Siamese to Kelantan.

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-The long history between Kelantan and Thailand started in the middle 13th century. However when Long Muhammad became Sultan Muhammad I in 1800/1801, this ties turned different as Kelantan always seek protection from Thailand.

-In return, Kelantan had to send the Siamese king golden flower as a token of appreciation for protecting the state from enemies and threats.

-Historically, it is recorded that there were approximately 15,000 Siamese living in the right side of the Tabal River during that time.

-Since then, the arrival of Thai people to Kelantan has increased and they settled here and became part of the ethnics in Kelantan. (SEJARAH KOMUNITI SIAM KELANTAN)

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-Kelantanese Siamese utilizes the same Thai language as Thai people in Thailand including the tones and grammar. A journal from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Pertanika Mahawangsa, mentioned in their journal that the Kelantanese Thais have been sending their children to Photivihan Thai Language School to learn about the Pali writing system communicate in one of the Siamese dialects, Che'eh. The Thais in Kelantan are still trying to learn their mother tongue in order for them to maintain their identity as Siamese and use the Thai language to communicate, formally and informally.

-What differs the Thai language and its variants is the dialect.

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Now, let's talk about the language!

-The Chinese Peranakans generally converse in their own Bahasa Melayu called Baba Malay (Bahasa Melayu Baba). The influence from Chinese Hokkien can be seen in Baba Malay especially on the vocabulary.

-These words from peranakanlife.com are some of the examples from Baba Malay:

Apa khabair= How are you?
Kam Cheng= Porcelain jar with cover
Kek khi= Annoyed/ frustratwd
Chebok= To clean oneself up after defecating
Amek= Take
Bak wan= Meatball made from pork
Kus Semangat= an expression of mild shock

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Information about the language (Kristang) from malaysia-traveller.com

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Information about the language (Kristang) from malaysia-traveller.com

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Highlighted point from the journal, Penggunaan Kristang Sebagai Bahasa Komunikasi Dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Portugis Di Melaka.

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Kristang: The Malaysian Portuguese's Language

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Kristang: The Malaysian Portuguese's Language

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-The Malaysian Portuguese ethnic has been using Kristang language to communicate. This language has been used since 16th century. According to Sa’adiah Ma’alip and Rahilah Omar from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in their journal (PENGGUNAAN KRISTANG SEBAGAI BAHASA KOMUNIKASI DALAM KALANGAN MASYARAKAT PORTUGIS DI MELAKA) , an interesting fact about the language is that Kristang spoken by Malaysian Portuguese in Malacca is not the same as Kristang spoken by the Portuguese in Portugal.

-This is because, Malaysian Portuguese’s Kristang is different from the one being utilized in Portugal as it has  been assimilated with the Malay language to fit the need to communicate with the locals.

-Other names for the the language are  Bahasa Geragau, Bahasa Serani, Luso-Malay, Malacca Creole, Malaccan, Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaquês, Malayo-Portuguese, Malaysian Creole Portuguese, Papia Cristao, Papia Kristang, Portuguese Patois, Português de Malaca, and Serani. (aclanthology.org)

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Information taken from aclanthology.org about the  other names for Kristang

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Information taken from aclanthology.org about the  other names for Kristang

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Painting by AnuarDan entitled "Malaysian Culture".

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1.  Spencer-Oatey, H. (2021) What is Culture? A compilation of quotations for the intercultural field. GPC Core Concept Compilations. Revised November 2021. Available from www.globalpeopleconsulting.com/insights

2.AnuarDan. (2008, November 13). Malaysian Culture. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/anuardan/3026237201/.

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Kristang — A Language Saved from Extinction

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Kristang — A Language Saved from Extinction

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Based on the Youtube video, there are a few examples of Kristang's words and phrases:

-Teng Bong- Hi 👋🏻
-Mutu Merseh- Thank you🙏🏻
-Yo sa nomi- My name is...🗣️
-Bong Pamiang- Good Morning☀️
-Bong Anuti- Goodnight 🌙
-Knife-Faka 🔪
-Fork-Garfu 🍴
-Spoon-Kuleh 🥄

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Kristang — A Language Saved from Extinction

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Pinchah Kristang is an online Kristang dictionary. This website is developed in order to for people to easily search words or terms in Kristang easily.

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This project is led and developed by Luís Morgado da Costa, for the worldwide Kristang community. Click here to know more about this project. Pinchah Kristang: A Dictionary of Kristang has been possible with the continuous support of Kodrah Kristang and many of its volunteers.

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Kristang: An Endangered Language and Preservation

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Kristang: An Endangered Language and Preservation

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-The video from Al-Jazeera showcases about an issue that the Malaysian Portuguese community has been facing as their language is at the edge of extinction.

-Papia Kristang is no longer widely spoken especially among younger generations of Malaysian Portuguese.

- At Sarah Santa Maria's house, children goes there during weekend to learn about the language, cuisines and dances.

-This is one of the initiatives to preserve the endangered language and other aspects of the community's culture.

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🇲🇾 Malaysia efforts to revive Malaccan Creole Portuguese language l Al Jazeera English

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-According to docsity.com, the Kelabit tribe in Sarawak is originated from the valley of Matarang River and Kerayan in the East Kalimantan.

-However, the tribe has decided to move to Bario due to the geographical factor where the land in Bario is more suitable to grow crops.

-As of 2013, it is recorded that the Kelabit tribe has the smallest ethnic members in Sarawak with a population of 8000 members.

-Their settlements can be found in few places such as Tutoh, Hulu Sungai Baram and middle part of Sungai Limbang.

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-The Bisaya is located in the western Sabah with a population of 74,000 ethnic members and 90% of the population are Muslims.

-The villages or settlements of Bisaya can be found along river banks and location of permanent settlements are usually in a "long house" or known as rumah panjang. (joshuaproject.net)

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Source: Youtube (Ushi Trosch' Borneo Adventure 1981 in Mulu and the Kelabit Highlands)

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This video is about an exploration in the Kelabit settlement in 1981.

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Ushi Trosch' Borneo Adventure 1981 in Mulu and the Kelabit Highlands

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-The Kelabit Language is one of the oldest language in the world and it is believed to be used between 200 to 300 years ago.

-It is categorized under Proto-Indo-European language.

-These are some of the about common phrases in Kelabit from borneodictionary.com:

1. Dooq mayu ain dih terun. Laq keduih ngen idih.
Meaning: That sounds good. I'll have that

2.Ken dooq tiko beruhmalem kinih?
Meaning: Hi. How are you doing this afternoon?

3. Terima kasih. Petulu beruh.
Meaning: Thank you. Bye.

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English: That sounds good. I'll have that.

English: At least two hours before departure time.

English: Would you like something to drink?

English: Yes. There's one near here.

English: Hi. How are you doing this afternoon?

English: Can you tell me how to get there?

English: Is it far?

English: Chicken porridge

English: Yes, coffee please.

English: The food was delicious. I'd like bill, please.

English: It's only about 5 minutes walk from her.

English: Thank you. That'll be RM5.

English: Take the first left and go straight on. It's on the left.

English: Alright. See you tomorrow at 7.15am.

English: Fine, thank you. Can I see a menu, please?

English: Certainly, here you are.

English: Excuse me. Is there a shop near here?

English: It leaves at 10.00am.

English: By what time do you want to be at the airport?

English: What time does your plane leave?

English: That means we have to leave the lodge by 7.15am.

English: Thank you. What's today's special?

English: Thank you and have a good day.

English: Thanks, bye.

English: I agree. I will be ready by 7.15am.

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Common Kelabit Phrases and Questions You Should Know

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English: That sounds good. I'll have that. English: At least two hours before departure time. English: Would you like something to drink? English: Yes. There's one near here. English: Hi. How are you doing this afternoon? English: Can you tell me how to get there? English: Is it far?

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Information about the population, religion and introduction of the ethnic.

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-This video from Youtube, showcases  a member of Kelabit tribe speaking in their native language.

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Information about the Bisaya's location and settlements.

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-The Bisaya's language is called Basaya.

-The language is a part of the North Indonesian branch and categorized under Austronesian language family.

-The Bisaya tribes utilizes Basaya to communicate.

-The language are almost the same to Sabah Dusun's and related groups in Brunei and Sarawak.

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Belajar Bahasa Bisaya Sabah- sebahagian 36 etnik Bumiputera Sabah. (Source: Youtube) 

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From this video, some of the examples of Basaya Sabah are:

Head- Ulo

Eyes-Mato

Ears-Talingo

Nose-Odung

Stomach/belly- Tinai

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Belajar Bahasa Bisaya Sabah- sebahagian 36 etnik Bumiputera Sabah.

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1. Pillai, S. (n.d.). Malacca Portuguese creole: A Portuguese-based Creole. Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from https://www.elararchive.org/dk0123/.

2. Hancock, I. (2009, July). (PDF) the Portuguese creoles of Malacca - researchgate.net. THE PORTUEGE CREOLES OF MALACCA. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268041901_THE_PORTUGUESE_CREOLES_OF_MALACCA.

3.Cartwright, M. (2021, July 1). Portuguese Malacca. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from https://www.worldhistory.org/Portuguese_Malacca/.

4.da Costa, L. M. (n.d.). Pinchah Kristang: A Dictionary of Kristang. https://aclanthology.org/. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://aclanthology.org/2020.globalex-1.7.pdf.

5.MA’ALIP, S. A. A. D. I. A. H., & OMAR, R. A. H. I. L. A. H. (n.d.). PENGGUNAAN KRISTANG SEBAGAI BAHASA KOMUNIKASI DALAM KALANGAN MASYARAKAT PORTUGIS DI MELAKA, (Isu Khas 2017). https://doi.org/ISSN 1675-7513

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1. Noakes, D. (2021, June 9). The Kelabit Highlands, Borneo: Where tradition and globalization meet. South East Asia Backpacker. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://southeastasiabackpacker.com/the-kelabit-highlands-where-tradition-and-globalization-meet/.

2.Common Kelabit phrases and questions you should know. Borneo Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://borneodictionary.com/kelabit/phrases-questions.php.

3. FATIN NABILAH FAZAL RABBI, SYAZA NUR BALQIS ROSDI, MEGAT ALIF BIN MEGAT HARIS, & MUHAMMAD HAKIM BIN MOKHTAR. (n.d.). Etnik Kelabit di Malaysia. Docsity. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://www.docsity.com/en/etnik-kelabit-di-malaysia/6013304/.

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1. Project, J. (n.d.). Bisaya, Sabah in Malaysia. Bisaya in Malaysia. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10876/MY.

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1. Introduction
-Author's note
-References

2. Table of contents

3.Chinese Peranakan Language
-History of the Chinese Peranakan
-About the Chinese Peranakan
-Peranakan's Language
-References

4. Kelantanese Thai Language
-History of Kelantanese's Thai
-Kelantanese Thai's Language
-Writing system
a. consonants
b. Vowels
-References

5. Malaysian Portuguese Language
-History of Malaysian Portuguese
-What to call them? Kristan or Malaysian Portuguese?
-Kristang: Malaysian Portuguese's Language
-Kristang online dictionary: Pinchal Kristang
-Kristang: An Endangered Language
-References

6.Kelabit Tribe Language in Sarawak
-About the tribe
-Documentary about the Kelabit
-Kelabit Language
-References

7.Bisaya Tribe Language in Sabah
-About the Bisayas
-Basaya: The Bisaya's Language
-Learn Bahasa Bisaya Sabah
-Reference

8. Reflection on Cultural Mindfulness

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Peranakan communities that live in different states of Malaysia tend to use some words from the state's dialect in their Hokkien language.

The Youtube video above shows how Chinese Peranakan in Kelantan speak with each other and they use Kelantanese dialect's words such as  "Nok getek/ghetek" that means "I also want".

Other than that, some of words that can be taken from the video are:

1. Gomik= What?
2. Gonen= That one
3. Tong nen= There

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-The writing system is consists of the alphabets, tones, and symbols. Thai language has 44 consonants and 15 basics vowel characters.

-Here are the examples of Thai alphabets:

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1. Peranakan Life. Peranakan Life Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.peranakanlife.com/about/baba-nyonya-history.

2. Lonely Planet. (2019, August 9). 356948: Malaysia/background/other features/people & culture/population/the Peranakans. Malaysia in Detail: The Peranakans. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/a/nar/1ff5d041-412a-438e-b7cd-d94ad8ada758/356948.

3.Qi, K. A. (2017, September 9). Penang Hokkien and its struggle for survival. New Naratif. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://newnaratif.com/penang-hokkien-and-its-struggle-for-survival/.

4. Peranakan Life Malaysia. (n.d.). Peranakan Life. Peranakan Malaysia. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.peranakanlife.com/baba-nyonya-culture/language.

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1. SEJARAH KOMUNITI SIAM KELANTAN. (2016, November 20). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://pmneus.blogspot.com/2016/11/sejarah-komuniti-siam-kelantan.html.

2. Thai language history and facts: Today translations London, UK. Today Translations. (2019, March 28). Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://www.todaytranslations.com/about/language-history/thai-language-history/.

3. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia. (2018, June). Pertanika Mahawangsa. Serdang, Selangor.