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an anti-imperialist, antifeudal revolution. On Oct. 20, 1944, an armed uprising took place in the city of Guatemala, resulting in the transfer of power to a revolutionary junta. The uprising was preceded by a mass democratic movement, which had begun in June 1944 and which led to the fall of Ubico's dictatorship (1931-44). The working class played an important role in this stage of the revolutionary movement; however, because of the insufficient maturity and political organization of the working class, the leadership of the revolution was seized by the radical nationalist bourgeoisie.

The presidential elections that were held soon afterward led to the election of J. Arévalo, who was supported by all the forces interested in democratic antifeudal reforms. A constitution was adopted in March 1945. It promulgated fundamental bourgeois democratic freedoms, outlawed landlord property rights, and obligated Congress to adopt measures aimed at abolishing these rights. The activity of all political parties except the communist groups was legalized. The Arévalo government (1945-51) introduced a labor code and prepared laws on social insurance and on the protection of mineral resources, which barred access to the country for foreign monopolies. The labor movement was growing in the country, and the peasantry began to organize. Under pressure from the working people the Arévalo government granted legal status to the communists. In September 1949 a congress of Marxist groups was held, which founded the Communist Party of Guatemala (renamed in 1952 the Guatemalan Labor Party). The growing activity of the working class and the peasantry led to a deepening of the anti-imperialist, antifeudal character of the revolution.

The government of J. Arbenz Guzman, who became president in 1951, carried out a number of measures aimed at transforming the backward social and economic structure of the country and raising the standard of living of the people. The most important of these measures was the agrarian reform law of June 1952, on the basis of which 554,800 hectares (ha) of land were expropriated in less than two years from local owners of large landed estates and the American monopoly the United Fruit Company. About 100,000 landless peasant families received 400,000 ha of land. The law provided for measures to prevent a new dispossession of the peasants. The government granted the peasants credit to buy farm implements and seeds.

The US government lodged an official protest against the agrarian reform law, which dealt a heavy blow to the interests of American imperialism in Guatemala. Afraid that the democratic transformations in Guatemala would have an influence on other countries of Central America, US imperialists, relying on the forces of Guatemalan reaction, organized an armed intervention into Guatemala. In June 1954 bands of mercenaries led by C. Castillo Armas invaded Guatemala from Honduras. The command of the Guatemalan Army refused to arm the people and, embarking on the path of outright treason, carried out a coup d'etat. The military junta that seized power surrendered to the interventionist forces. As a result of the victory of the counterrevolution, all the gains made by the Guatemalan Revolution were done away with in the years that followed.

REFERENCES

Diaz Rossotto, J. Kharakter gvatemal'skoi revoliutsii. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from Spanish.)
Toriello, G. Bitva za Gvatemalu. Moscow, 1956. (Translated from Spanish.)

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guatemalan revolution of 1944-54 definition

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definition of guatemalan revolution of 1944-54

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Looking for Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-54? Find out information about Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-54. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia . It might be outdated or ideologically biased. an anti-imperialist, antifeudal revolution. Explanation of Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-54

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People born in South America, moved for change in the imperial system in the early 1800s. However, they were loyal to the king. Power hungry individuals eventually brought the country to revolution. During the Colombian Revolution, the French invaded Spain and took the King as a prisoner, and Spain asked for the money from what was once the New Grenada. The New Grenada was Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The New Grenada did not want to pay, which made the starting of Colombian Revolution. The revolution was spontaneous; the Revolution started with many uprising by Nariño Berbeo. Etc. In Colombia, they overtook government buildings; however, they did not assassinate any leaders. The government organized a plan to fight against the people, but there were some soldiers who agreed with Nariño and Salavarrieta and tried to help them, but they couldn't.

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People born in South America, moved for change in the imperial system in the early 1800s. However, they were loyal to the king. Power hungry individuals eventually brought the country to revolution. During the Colombian Revolution, the French invaded Spain and took the King as a prisoner, and Spain asked for the money from what was once the New Grenada.

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We will now discuss the making of another great modern nation- Germany.

Rise of Germany

The situation of the German States

The German States have a common bond of unity on the basis of language, race and culture. They were also rich in resources like coal and iron. In spite of this cultural and linguistic unity German States were exploited because of lack of unity among Germans. This was the reason of pain for the German nationalists.

Coal and Iron Reserves of Germany

Exploitation by Non-Germans

For many centuries Austria of the Hapsburgs was the leading German Power. Then Prussia came to the front. There was a conflict between these two for the leadership of the German States. Actually, from ancient time German States were having non-german leadership. Example: Holy Roman Empire.

It was the union of German and Italian States. In which the rulers of these states elected their leader who was guided by the Pope. As Pope was under the influence of European powers like Austria and France etc. So, he rarely bothered about the interest of German States.

Napoleon destroyed the Holy Roman Empire. But after, Austria became the leader of the German States. This non-German leadership was the cause of frustration for German Nationalists.

Promotion of Trade and Commerce

Napoleon humbled both Austrians and Prussian Leaders. Napoleon not only destroyed the Holy Roman Empire but in western Germany, he unified the many smaller states. He then established a single state of Westphalia. This gave promotion to trade and commerce.

This also gave the message that political unity would lead to the economic empowerment of the German States. Thus both in Italy and Germany Napoleon, unconsciously and without wishing it, gave an impetus to the spirit of nationalism and the idea of freedom.

Role of Intellectuals

Eventually, Napoleon prepared the ground for German unification. These intellectuals played an important role. One of the leading German nationalists of the Napoleonic period was Fichte, a philosopher, but also an ardent patriot who did much to rouse up his people. Fichte gave the concept of German idealism, glorifying German culture, race. This ideology was taken to its peak by Fredrick William Nietzsche, who gave the concept of superman and also declared God is Dead.

Unification of Germany

Phases of Unification of Germany

Phases of the unification of Germany are described as below,

German Diet

In the , Austria became a leader of the German States. There were 39 states. It was not possible for Austria to individually handle all the states. Therefore, Austria formed Parliament of the German States called the German Diet. This Parliament had certain rights,

1. General resolution can be passed by two-thirds of the majority.

2. Constitutional and fundamental changes require acceptance from all the states. (which was not feasible without political unity among 39 states)

Although Austria denied any type of unity among the German States but the system of German Diet eventually provided formal political unity for the German States. This got strengthen by economic unity created by Prussia through Zollverein.

Zollverein

German nationalists and intellectuals had already got the practical taste of political unity. In 1834, Prussia formed a customs union or Zollverein. They joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

The network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. In this situation, a turning point in European and German history was the outburst of revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

Second Frankfurt Parliament

Revolution of 1830 activated the middle class which wanted the constitution. While the revolution of 1848 ignited labor class who wanted a change in the political order. The Monarchs of Europe feared the unity among the middle class and labor class. So they decided to go for the constitutional arrangement for the people.

In the German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were professionals, businessmen, and prosperous craftsmen came together in the city of Frankfurt. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament.

They drafted a constitution for the German nation with the provision of constitutional monarchy. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it because of two reasons:

The representatives of different states gave the proposal. The kings did not accept this proposal. Prussia did not want to be a nominal head of the German Federation.

In Olmutz Convention, Austria warned Prussia that if Prussia got involved in activities against Austria, it should ready for the consequences.

Finally, this ended the peaceful path of the Unification of Germany. It made clear that war with Austria was the demand of that time to become an independent nation. At this stage, about the middle of the century, there rose a man in Prussia who was to dominate for many years not only Germany but European politics. This man was Otto von Bismarck, a junker- that is a landowner in Prussia. We will discuss this personality in theupcoming post.

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We will now discuss the making of another great modern nation- Germany . The German States have a common bond of unity on the basis of language, race and culture. They were also rich in resources like coal and iron .

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The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

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Impressionism art

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Impressionism art

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Romanticism art

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Romanticism art

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Guatemala was the most popular for its animal supplies and they began to start to grow corn at a fast time because they were very clever. People wanted to take that away

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The Spanish made many of attempts to settle along the north coast of Colombia and eventually made a permanent settlement but got invaded by Napoleon

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Germany is unified in 1966. Austria and Bavaria make a confederation and it works but Austria had supported Germany. So Germany had time to take over the rest of the German states

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Italy stated off being influenced by bigger powers of Europe. But they had allies like Rome and Austria and they began to become allies with other countries to over power.