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Umayyad was the first Muslim Empire that ever existed in 661.

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The last 3 of the four caliphs were assassinated.

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The Umayyad set up a hereditary system of succession and the title of caliph passed within the clan usually from father to son.

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The Umayyads also relocated the Muslim empire's capital to Damascus, Syria. Controlling conquered regions became easier as a result of this. Many Muslims, however, believed that the new capital was too far away from Islam's heartland, Medina.

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The Sunnis think any Muslim can be a caliph while the Shi'ites thinks only people from Muhammad's tree can be caliph.

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The rival clan (Abbasid) overthrew Abbasid.

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the clan who were descendants of Muhammad’s uncle took control of the empire.

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The Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad to central Iraq.

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The Abbasids ruled during a great golden age in Muslim history.

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when the Abbasids overthrew Umayyads and killed everyone from the Umayyad family but missed one who escape to Spain and found a rival Muslim dynasty.

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Abd all-Rahman establish a powerful and independent state called al-Andalus.

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Abd al-Rahman III transformed Cordoba into one of the largest and greatest cities in the world.

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After the death of Abd al-Rahman civil war began. Al-Andalus was separated to many smaller Muslim kingdoms.

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A group of Turkish Muslims (The Ottoman) emerged as frontier warriors against the Byzantine.

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They ended the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople and renaming it Istanbul.

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The Ottoman rulers were called sultans.

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The Ottoman relied on special slaves to staff the government and army.

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The Safavids Empire marked the beginning of modern Persia.

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Shah Ismail is the first ruler of the Safavids empire.

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The Safavids and Ottomans went on to fight a war that lasted for more than 100 years. They battle mainly over the control of Mesopotamia's fertile plains.

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The Safavids used their wealth to build palace, mosques, schools, hospitals, roads, and bridges.

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Map of Mughal Empire

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The Mughal were nomads from central Asia who invaded India.

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In 1556, the Mughal leader Akbar the Great came to the throne at the age of 13 and led Muslim India to a brilliant golden age.

In 1556, the Mughal leader Akbar the Great came to the throne at the age of 13 and led Muslim India to a brilliant golden age.

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Since his wife died at a young age, he used white marble to built the Taj Mahal in memory of his beloved wife.

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In 1857, the British, who by then had gained control of India sent the lasted Mughal ruler into exile.