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UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES

CARRERA DE EDUCACIÓN INICIAL

NEUROEDUCACIÓN I
NRC 7675

DOCENTE:

MARTHA DE LA TORRE

ESTUDIANTE:

ELENA MISHELLE PAREDES

FECHA: 04/11/2021

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Se observan los inicios de la neuropsicología infantil originada especialmente en un interés creciente por comprender las bases biológicas de los problemas de aprendizaje

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La neuropsicología infantil no sólo se deriva de la neuropsicología, sino también de la psicología educativa. Utiliza el término «problemas de aprendizaje» para referirse a un retraso o trastorno en el desarrollo del habla, del lenguaje, de la lectura, la escritura o las habilidades matemáticas resultante de disfunciones cerebrales y/o problemas emocionales.

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La comisión encargada de la definición de los llamados problemas de aprendizaje los interpretó como discrepancias en el desarrollo de las diversas funciones sensoriales, motoras, académicas o conceptuales que interferían con el adecuado desempeño de tareas escolares (Haring & Bateman, 1969), enfatizando que no representaban necesariamente una desviación en el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central.

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se comenzaron a designar estos problemas específicos de aprendizaje con los términos dislexia, disgrafia y discalculia de desarrollo. La dislexia y la disgrafia fueron sistematizadas especialmente por el neurólogo inglés MacDonald Critchley (Critchley, 1968).

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Mientras el término, «discalculia» fue introducido por el psicólogo checo Ladislav Kosc (1974) para referirse a las dificultades en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas con una capacidad intelectual normal.

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se empezó a utilizar el término problema específico de aprendizaje en la lectura, escritura y/o matemáticas (US Office of Education, 1977). Hoy en día se considera que los problemas de aprendizaje tienen una naturaleza intrínseca, es decir, presumiblemente se encuentran relacionados con una disfunción del sistema nervioso central o con una organización de circuitos cerebrales diferente a la de los individuos que no padecen de estos trastornos. D

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Galaburda, Sherman, Rosen, Aboitiz, & Geschwind, 1985

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Galaburda, Sherman, Rosen, Aboitiz, & Geschwind, 1985

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La hipótesis de la posible existencia de alteraciones cerebrales asociadas con los problemas de aprendizaje fue apoyada posteriormente con los trabajos de Alberto Galaburda y Norman Geschwind. El análisis post-mortem de sujetos con dislexia mostró que existían diferencias en el tamaño del plano temporal del hemisferio izquierdo en las áreas cerebrales relacionadas con la lectura (Galaburda, Sherman, Rosen, Aboitiz, & Geschwind, 1985). Reportes aislados sobre la relación entre aprendizaje y cerebro ya habían sido publicados en Europa hacia finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX.

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había hablado de la dislexia (ceguera verbal) como una condición congénita, dándole a esta entidad su condición biológica

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About 7,000 miles away from Seaford in the centre of the Argentinean city of Buenos Aires is a clinic specialising in helping children with dyslexia. Amazingly, the W. Pringle Morgan Institute is named after a Sussex doctor. Morgan is one of the unsung heroes of our county and, apart from a brass plaque in the north aisle of a parish church, he has no memorial.

William Pringle Morgan was born in 1861 at Rostrevor near Newry in County Down, Northern Ireland. His father was a vicar who ensured that his son received a classical education. He studied at Dublin University and qualified as a doctor at a hospital in the same city. Morgan probably spent some time as a surgeon in the Royal Navy before he came to Seaford aged 25. In the latter part of the nineteenth century Seaford was served by just one doctor, Dr Tuck who lived in Hurdis House in Broad Street. When Dr Tuck died in 1886, Dr Morgan took over the practice and moved into the house.

He was apparently a busy man; he was a medical officer not only for Seaford but also Eastbourne Union Poor House and was the visiting physician for the Surrey Convalescent Hospital in town.He was also the President of the Seaford Mutual Improvement Society.He obviously loved Seaford and in 1893 published a paper in the London Medical Recorder promulgating the town as a healthy seaside resort.

The doctor worked from Hurdis House and provided a medical service, not only to the people of Seaford but also to its many schools, which paid the surgery a fixed annual fee for treating their pupils.One of these children, a 12 year old boy called Percy, fascinated Morgan. The young lad was highly intelligent and good at mathematics and sport, but his only failing was his inability to read.His headmaster thought him to be the brightest boy in the school but he continually wrote his name "Precy" and did not notice the spelling mistake even when it was pointed out to him.He could speak clearly but when asked to write "carefully winding the string round the peg" wrote "Calfuly winder the strung rond the pag"He studied Percy carefully for two years and came to the conclusion that it was a genetic disorder in processing vision rather than a problem with intelligence. He wrote up his findings which were published by the British Medical Journal on 7 November 1896 under the title "Congenital Word Blindness" The good Sussex doctor was the first person to diagnose dyslexia.

As the population of Seaford grew, it became necessary to appoint a second doctor to the practice and in 1898 he was joined by Doctor Charles Gervis.Morgan married a Seaford girl, Ethel Eastwood and in 1899 they moved to a newly built house which Morgan named after his birthplace 'Rostrevor'. (This is now the site of the the Tesco store.)This was not his only connection with Ireland as he remained a member of the Dublin University Biological Association.Dr Morgan was also a prominent freemason and one of the founder members of Seaford Golf Club which was formed in 1887 and, although keen, his name does not appear on any of the lists of competition winners for the club.Dr Morgan became a Seaford councillor and in 1907 was elected as Chairman of Seaford Urban District Council.He again served as chairman in 1912.

On the outset of the Great War, Dr Morgan travelled to Belgium with the Red Cross. He accompanied Millicent, the Duchess of Sutherland and a party of Red Cross nurses. In August 1914 they were present at the siege of and bombardment of the city of Namur. The siege started on the very day that Britain declared war on German. He worked for three weeks in the local hospital where he treated many wounded Belgian's and Frenchmen. When the Germans captured the area he was given a pass by the Germans to travel to Brussels and return home via Holland. He was therefore one of the very first Englishmen to witness action in the Great War.

On returning to England he joined the military and saw active military service in Malta where he served between 1914 and 1916.He returned to Seaford when Dr Gervis was called up and Morgan had to 'hold the fort' until he returned in 1919.Just before Morgan retired in 1927 he sold Rostrevor and moved to Upper Belgrave Road.He died aged 74 in 1934 after serving over forty years as a GP in the town.The British Medical Journal called him "a man of transparent honesty and a perfect gentleman"

The name Doctor William Pringle Morgan is not recognised by many people in Sussex but his name is synonymous worldwide with the discovery of dyslexia - even as far away as Buenos Aires!

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The Sussex Doctor who discovered Dyslexia

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About 7,000 miles away from Seaford in the centre of the Argentinean city of Buenos Aires is a clinic specialising in helping children with dyslexia. Amazingly, the W. Pringle Morgan Institute is named after a Sussex doctor. Morgan is one of the unsung heroes of our county and, apart from a brass plaque in the...

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el médico inglés James Hinshelwood propuso que la disfunción de las áreas cerebrales responsables del lenguaje podría llevar a dificultades en la lectura (regiones angulares y supramarginales).

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el neuropatólogo publicó en EE.UU. el libro «Reading, Writing and Spelling Problems in Children» en el que propone que la habilidad para leer implica la participación de áreas cerebrales adicionales a la región angular propuesta por Hinshelwood.

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Alfred Strauss (Strauss, 1939)  Heinz Werner (Werner & Carrison, 1944)

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Alfred Strauss (Strauss, 1939)  Heinz Werner (Werner & Carrison, 1944)

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quienes se interesaron por determinar las bases cerebrales del retardo mental y propusieron dos variantes: el retardo mental exógeno asociado con daño cerebral; y el retardo mental endógeno considerado como un retraso de tipo familiar.

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Julian de Ajuriaguerra y Henry Hécaen (1949)

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Julian de Ajuriaguerra y Henry Hécaen (1949)

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En Francia, analizan diversos síndromes neuropsicológicos en niños con lesiones tempranas.

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Alexandre Romanovich Luria en la antigua Unión Soviética propone uno de los primeros modelos de desarrollo neuropsicológico (Luria 1966), mientras su alumna Simernitskaya desarrolla investigación en el área durante los años 1970.

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varios autores mostraron interés por el concepto de asimetría cerebral e iniciaron diferentes proyectos de investigación sobre la lateralización de funciones en el cerebro del niño normal y del niño con lesiones cerebrales adquiridas.

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se observa un florecimiento de la neuropsicologíainfantil.

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Años 80 Se fortalece la neuropsicología infantil y surgimiento de revistas que estudian la neuropsicología infantil

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Finalmente, los principales avances durante el siglo XXI incluyen:
• Creación de cursos y programas de neuropsicología infantil en diferentes países del mundo.
• Desarrollo de nuevas pruebas de evaluación dirigidas específicamente a poblaciones infantiles.
• Fortalecimiento de los programas de rehabilitación para niños con problemas asociados al desarrollo y trastornos consecuentes a patologías cerebrales.
• Implementación de programas preventivos.
• Utilización de técnicas de neuroimagen.
• Propuestas de modelos de desarrollo neuropsicológico

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Bibliosjd.org. 2021. Neuropsicología-del-desarrollo-infantil. Disponible en: <http://bibliosjd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Neuropsicologia-del-desarrollo-infantil.pdf> [Consultado el 29 de Octubre de 2021].