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1. Radiation
2. Humidity
3. Osmotic pressure

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- Phototrophs goes through photosynthesis
- Uses sunlight (light energy) as energy source to make food

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- goes through chemosynthesis
- Energy source is from chemical reactions
- e.g. iron and magnesium

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how to identify the nutritional types of microorganisms

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how to identify the nutritional types of microorganisms

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1. Chemo/ photo (how the nutrients is converted to energy - light/chemical ? )
2.  auto / hetero (how bacteria gets its nutrients - organic/inorganic ?)
3. Add troph at the back

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what is the significance of bacteria ? why do they want to survive?

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what is the significance of bacteria ? why do they want to survive?

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Bacteria is significant as they were the first living things on earth.

Furthermore knowing and researching bacteria cultures allowed for many scientific breakthroughs. Knowing about bacteria allows us to create drugs to counter the bad effects of bacteria like antibiotics.
There are also good bacteria that helps us like probiotics which are indicated for the relief of acute and chronic diarrhoea.

Probiotics work by crowding out any potentially bad bacteria, taking up space and using up nutrients they would need to reproduce.

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- Fertilised soil
- Toothpaste

e.g. Halorhodospira halochloris

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- Water
- Oceans

e.g. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, and Salmonella spp.

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- Acidic soil
- GI tract
- pickled jar

e.g. Helicobacter pylori.
( it is  found in the human stomach and is responsible for 80 to 90 percent of stomach ulcers)

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- Energy
- Nitrogen
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Phosphorus
- Water

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Function: Forming membranes, proteins, nucleic acids and other structures of the cells

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- Inorganic
- Can make their own food
- Uses light, water, carbon dioxide, etc

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Function: Build structural components of our body

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Function: Catalyse biochemical reactions with the aid of enzymes

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- Organic
- Cannot make their own food
- Gets nutrition from other sources

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Function: Catalyse biochemical reactions with the aid of enzymes

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Bacteria: Vitamins, Growth Factors, Trace Elements

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Bacteria: Elements such as Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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Humans: Vitamins, Minerals

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Humans: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats

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- primarily used to determine the type of bacteria (obligate, facultative, aerotolerant, microaerophiles)
-  It is used to make a decreasing gradients of oxygen with a increasing gradients of distance
- cannot just use oxygen cause some bacteria do not have the enzyme to breakdown the toxic forms of oxygen hence causing them to die (not wanted in culturing of bacteria)

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Acidophile: 0-5.5
Neutrophile: 5.5-8.0
Alkalinophile: 8.0-12

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-          Obligate aerobes

-          Facultative anaerobes

-          Aerotolerant anaerobes

-          Obligate anaerobes

-          Microaerophiles

Obligate: Restricted to
Facultative: Capable but not restricted to

Aerobes : Can survive and grow in oxygenated environment and Produces energy with oxygen
Anaerobes: Produces energy without oxygen

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-          Hyperthermophiles (80 degree celsius and upwards )

-          Thermophiles (45 to 80 degrees celsius)

-          Mesophiles (10 to 50 degrees celsius)

-          Psychrotrophs (0o / 7oC to 20 oC /30 oC)

-          Psychro/cryophiles (-15 to 15 degrees celsius)

the temperature stated are the optimal growth temp. of each of the microorganism.