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India: Indenture 1834-1917; Chinese indenture also continues during this time

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India: Indenture 1834-1917; Chinese indenture also continues during this time

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First fight for independence! United Muslims and Hindus alike against the British.

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Okinawa/Japan: 1879, the Ryukyu Kingdom was formally annexed and dissolved by Japan 

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Okinawa/Japan: 1879, the Ryukyu Kingdom was formally annexed and dissolved by Japan 

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--1898: Spanish American War ends, Spain cedes Philippines to the US
--1899: Philippine War of Independence begins
--1904: St. Louis Worlds Fair takes place--1,102 Filipinos were put on display
--1935: US govt establishes the Commonwealth of the Philippines

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--early 1900s: Hōgen Fuda dialect placards used to dissuade students from speaking Okinawan; a student could only get rid of having to wear this placard once they found another student speaking in dialect to transfer the placard to
--1920: "no Okinawans or Koreans" signs that shopkeepers hung in Japan as Okinawans came there to find work
--1921: collapse in the price of sugar, which was 80 percent of Okinawa's exports, which resulted in people desperate to eat what the could, like poisonous leaves
--1945: Battle of Okinawa
--1945-1972: US military occupation of Okinawa; Okinawa was reverted to Japan in 1972 but there are still ongoing US military bases in Okinawa today
--1970s: prostitution in Okinawan for American GIs, play and play's translator emphasizes many of whom were Black men, positioned as a way to protect Japanese women and Japanese blood lines
--1975: Okinawa International Ocean Exhibition to celebrate the reversion of Okinawa to Japan

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1903 Fifth Domestic and Industrial Exposition in Osaka

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1903 Fifth Domestic and Industrial Exposition in Osaka

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•First time human beings were displayed in an anthropological exhibition in Japan meant to showcase the various races of the world
Among the people displayed were Ainu, Okinawans, Indigenous Taiwanese and Han Taiwanese, Koreans, Chinese, Javanese, Indians, a Turk, and an African

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1904 US/Philippines Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

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1904 US/Philippines Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

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•Who was on display in this exposition and why were they on display?

•Indigenous North Americans, including Apache and Tlingit tribal members

•People from “unincorporated territories” of the US, including Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico

•1,102 Filipinos, mostly “Igorots,” trafficked under harsh conditions

•Burial plots in two St. Louis cemeteries were prepared in advance

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China: Revolution, End of 200 years of empire, First of Republic of China, 1911-1931

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China: Revolution, End of 200 years of empire, First of Republic of China, 1911-1931

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--Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the first president of the Republic of China on March 10, 1912. Two hundred sixty-seven years of Qing rule had come to an end.
--Yuan Shikai continued to assert his presidential authority by reorganizing provincial governments, increasing his control over military spending and foreign policy and attempting to revive many of the Qing religious observances and rituals. By the time of his death on June 5, 1916 Yuan Shikai’s power had eroded. China was now left without a recognized central authority and soon descended into a period where competing warlords in the provinces vied for political and military power. (Facing History)
--Sun Yat-sen's nationalism and 1921 Three Principles of the People inspired by Abe Lincoln...pseudo scientific understandings of race and "yellow blood" (side note: Sun was educated in Hawaii). (Facing History)
--Zou Rong called for revolution as a way to advance civilization, to become "masters" (Facing History)

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--Modernization: Rise of science and democracy

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--Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China, heralded this movement to rally the Chinese people against the Communists and build up morale in a nation that was besieged with corruption, factionalism, and opium addiction. Rather than turning away from Confucian values, as did the May 4 Movement, Chiang Kai-shek used the Confucian notion of self-cultivation and correct living for this movement.

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http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1900_mao_march.htm

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The Long March (1934-1936) | Asia for Educators | Columbia University

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Edgar Snow’s Account of “The Long March”

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Japanese Occupation of Indochina

--1940: French presence in Indochina weakened after France surrenders to Nazi Germany
--1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, ten hours later invades the Philippines, US forces and Philippine gorillas push out Japanese forces
--1945: 8/15 Japan surrenders after US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 8/25 Emperor Bao Dai abdicates, 9/2 Ho Chi Minh declares Democratic Republic of Viet Nam

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Korea: Korea is cut into North and South Korea, 1945

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Korea: Korea is cut into North and South Korea, 1945

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--Mao (1893-1976) was an arch-critic of traditional Chinese culture, but in applying the thoughts of Marx and Lenin (which are Western) to China he still cautioned that the Chinese Communists must not forget their own history, and that Communist ideology must have Chinese characteristics.

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--1949: Bao Dai creates competing government, State of Viet Nam, appoints pro-French leaders
--1953-56: Violent land reform in the North deepens fear of Communism
--1954: French lose Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Geneva Accords temporarily divide Viet Nam into North and South, resulting in mass migration

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India Independence: Partition 1947, creation of Pakistan

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India Independence: Partition 1947, creation of Pakistan

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--1955: Ngo Binh Diem, provisional prime minister of State of Viet Nam, rejects national election, proclaims Republic of Viet Nam and himself president
--1957: Communist resistance begins in South Viet Nam
--1959: National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) forms
--1961: JFK sends advisors and equipment but not troops to Viet Nam. US cites “Domino Theory” to justify its support of a non-Communist regime in South Viet Nam. Cold War tensions mount between US and Soviet Union.
--1963: Buddhist monks protest Diem administration
--1964: US escalates military presence in South Viet Nam. JFK assassinated. Coup d’etat. Pres. Diem and brother Nhu assassinated.
--1965: Soviet Union ramps up aid to North Viet Nam
--1964: Succession of unsuccessful leaders in South Viet Nam (Gen Nguyen Khanh, Phan Huy Quat, Nguyen Cao Ky, Nguyen Van Thieu)
--1966: American troops in Viet Nam
--1967: 500,000 American troops in Viet Nam. Hue Massacre, My Lai Massacre
--1968: Tet Offensive. Anti-war protests. “Saigon Execution” wins Pulitzer.
--1969: Vietnamization (withdrawal of US troops). Nixon elected president.
1969-73: Secret bombing of Cambodia
1972-73: Peace talks between the US and North Viet Nam
1973: US pulls out of Viet Nam
1975: Fall of Sai Gon. April 30 Liberation Day

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largest tank battle since WW2

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North Vietnamese and communist Viet Cong forces launched a coordinated attack against a number of targets in South Vietnam.

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1965-1972: Third Republic
1972-1981: Philippines under martial law
1981-1986: Fourth Republic

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Myanmar (Burma): The 8/8/88 Protests, 1988

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Myanmar (Burma): The 8/8/88 Protests, 1988

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saw a death toll of 350 to as many as 1000 people in 1988

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China: The Tienanmen Square Massacre, 1989

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China: The Tienanmen Square Massacre, 1989