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Letter-naming knowledge consists of students being able to name and recognize the letters in the alphabet in both upper and lowercase.

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1. Phonemic awareness is the process of being able to identify the individual sounds of letters that makeup a word.

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1. Phonological awareness is the process of understanding and recognizing the sounds of words and letters while also being able to separate words/ sounds into parts.  A student can show they have mastered this skill by blending sounds together or noticing similarities and differences of sounds.

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1. The concept of print consists of students understanding of text and can be measured through their interaction of books.

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2. Preschool

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2. Preschool

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2. Preschool

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Preschool

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1. One way to assess a students concept of print is by asking them questions surrounding text such as in a book.

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1. One way to assess a students phonological awareness is through screening measures. Screening measures consists of the teacher choosing different skills and assessing a students ability to complete the skill. Using different skills to assess the students gives the educator a clear idea of their abilities and if additional support may be needed.

2. Another way to assess a students phonological awareness is through progress monitoring. Progress monitoring captures a students growth over time and highlights students achievements towards meeting their overall goal.

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An instructional strategy that can help students learn part of phonological awareness is clapping syllables. The clapping syllables strategy allows for students to be engaged and learn the syllables in everyday nouns they use such as their names.

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1. One way for educators to differentiate the clapping syllables strategy for students with dyslexia is by giving explicit teaching directions to students. This can look like giving directions for the activity in different ways such as verbally, visually, and more.

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1. One way to assess a students phonemic awareness is by phoneme matching. This assessment requires students to know which letters make each sounds and know the letter name which will track their progress on their knowledge of letter sounds.

2. Another way to assess a students phonemic awareness is through phoneme blending. This process consists of the teacher sounding out each letter of the word and having the student listen to the sound of each letter and understand the word the letters make together.

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An instructional strategy that can help students learn part of phonemic awareness is identification. Identification allows for students to identify the first letter that a word starts with, for example the "C" in cat.

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1. One way for educators to differentiate identification for students with dyslexia is by stretched segmenting. Stretched segmenting has educators stretch the sounds of letters to help the student understand which letter is makes that certain sounds.

2. A second way for educators to differentiate identification for students with dyslexia is through synthetic phonics. Synthetic phonics is the process of teaching students the sounds of individual letters which will help them understand and learn the phenomes of the letters.

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1. One way to assess a students letter-naming knowledge is by having students complete a letter recognition activity. This activity will show which letters the student knows and which ones they need to learn.

2. Another way to assess letter-naming knowledge is through naming letters in the students name. Students generally begin to gain letter-naming knowledge by recognizing the letters in their own name.

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An instructional strategy that can help students learn letter-naming knowledge is enhanced alphabet knowledge instruction. This type of instruction consists of the practice of letter identification and sounds, letter recognition, and producing letter forms.

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1. One way for educators to differentiate the alphabet knowledge instruction for students with dyslexia is by using tactile materials for the letters so the texture helps students identify which letters are which.