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This strike was a pivotal moment for labor unions and contributed to the rise of labor unions and more support for them. This strike also increased government involvement in labor disputes. This strike changed how Americans responded to the growing industry and how they dealt with unfair working conditions. Some short term effects of this event was that about 100 people were killed and about 1,000 people were put in jail. In addition, the railroads were out of commission and transport of goods was halted which impacted businesses. John W. Garrett was partially responsible for the strike because he was the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads and initiated wage cuts. The workers were also partially responsible because of how violent the strike became. Finally, President Hayes is responsible for the violence because he sent government troops to intervene which caused more violence.

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Examination of fire fighters involved in the fire, done by journalists Mr Elkus

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Newspaper clipping referring to Rockefeller's avoidance of responsibility following the Ludlow Massacre, particularly on the deaths of women and children.

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Short-term: Colorado Coal Miners’ strike due to unsafe working conditions and low pay.

Long-term causes:

Exploitative labor conditions in coal mines.

Lack of government regulation on labor rights.

Rockefeller’s anti-union policies.

Blame:

1. The Colorado National Guard and CF&I company guards for excessive use of force.

2. John D. Rockefeller Jr., as CF&I's owner, for refusing to negotiate with miners.

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Who:

Factory workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Mostly young immigrant women

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)

What:

A deadly fire occurred at the Factory, which killed over 140 people

When:

Fire: March 25, 2011

Strike: November 1909 to February 1910

Where:

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, NY

Top floors of the Asch Building

Why:

The fire spread quickly because of factors like locked doors, overcrowded spaces, and the lack of proper fire exits in the factory

The strike was a protest against long work hours, low wages, and poor working conditions (locked exits in high-rise buildings)

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? 

Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Investigation Findings: What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? 

Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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There was a long term effect of this riot because it was a turning point for labor activism, as it turned common citizens away from supporting the unions, as they were now seen as violent and destructive. Shortly after this riot, Americans turned away from supporting unions, and linked them to radicalism and anarchism. The people who deserve the blame were labor radicals, led by the Anarchist leader August Spies, a German immigrant. They never found out for certain who threw the bomb but they blamed 8 men for it and put them on trial.

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Investigation Findings:  What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Investigation Findings:  What were the long-term / short-term causes of this event? Who - if anyone - deserves blame?

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Short-term

Wage disputes: Andrew Carnegie demanded 22% wage cut during depressed steel prices. The violent fight between workers and agents that resulted in the death of 10 and dozens of injuries.

Long-term

Weakened labor unions, the failure of a strike led to a decline in union power, mostly in the steel industry.

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Eugene V. Debs on the Strike's Impact

"Next followed the final shock—the Pullman strike—and the American Railway Union again won, clear and complete. The combined corporations were paralyzed and helpless."
— Eugene V. Debs, "How I Became a Socialist" (April, 1902)

Nellie Bly's Perspective

"As a reporter, Bly sided with the poor and the disenfranchised, as when she went to Chicago in 1894 to cover the Pullman Strike from the perspective of the strikers."
— Zinn Education Project

Eugene V. Debs Reflecting on the Class Struggle

"In the gleam of every bayonet and the flash of every rifle the class struggle was revealed."
— Eugene V. Debs, "How I Became a Socialist" (April, 1902)

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Long term/Short term affects + who to blame? 

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Long term/Short term affects + who to blame? 

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Short term effects: widespread disruption to traffic, discontent between workers and authorities, arrest of Eugene Dubs (key labor leader)

Long Term:

Highlighted how industrial was controlling the worker's lives. They lived in towns owned by the company and also had to live and shop in stores owned by the company. Their entire life was built based on the company.

It also showed how the workers had no protection against monopoly corruption or labor exploitation. It also showed how the government did not care and sided with the businesses.

Blame: If anyone is to blame for the Pullman Palace Car Strike it should be the founder George Pullman. This is because the strike was a response to the poor working conditions that were put in place by George Pullman.

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Summary (Who, what, when, where, why)

First national labor event in the United States. Started in Baltimore, Maryland and Martinsburg, West Virginia because of wage cuts. As company leaders fired strikers, more people joined in on the strike. There was lots of violence, in Baltimore strikers attacked militia troops. Many buildings were burned and people were hurt. Black and white workers participated in the strike together. President Hayes called out federal troops to end the strike. Women also had a role in this strike and convinced their husbands to not accept the pay cuts.

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July 6th, 1892 at Homestead, Pennsylvania

Between the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the striking steel workers

The Carnegie steel plant was being managed by Henry Clay Frick

Frick decided to reduce the worker’s wages and break their union

When the workers didn’t accept the wage cut, Frick laid them all off

The Pinkerton detective agency was hired to protect the company

A violent confrontation occurred between striking workers and Pinkerton agents hired by the company

around 10,000 Strikers and their supporters, confronted the Pinkertons

A fierce gun battle ensued

By the end of the day, seven workers and three Pinkertons were dead

The Pinkertons surrendered

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Rutherford B. Hayes Diary entry, August 5, 1877

“The strikes have been put down by force; but now for the real remedy. Can't something [be] done by education of the strikers, by judicious control of the capitalists, by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers, as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent, and industrious. The mischiefs are: —

1. Strikers prevent men willing to work from doing so.

2. They seize and hold the property of their employers.

3. The consequent excitement furnishes an opportunity for the dangerous criminal classes to destroy life and property.

Now, "every man has a right, if he sees fit to, to quarrel with his own bread and butter, but he has no right to quarrel with the bread and butter of other people." Every man has a right to determine for himself the value of his own labor, but he has no right to determine for other men the value of their labor. (Not good.)

Every man has a right to refuse to work if the wages don't suit him, but he has no right to prevent others from working if they are suited with the wages.”

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The Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago was a (labor) protest on May 4, 1886, that became a riot after a bomb was thrown at the police to disrupt the meeting. This killed 7 police officers. Despite a lack of evidence for who threw the bomb, the police just arrested 8 anarchist leaders.

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Short Term

-Denial of more than 1 bathroom break

- Resulted in many factory women urinating on the floor, adding to the    unsafe environment

Long Term

-Poor working conditions (exit doors locked during working hours)

-14 hour work days

Blame

Factory owners (Max Blanck and Isaac Harris): They ignored regulations and were very negligent when overseeing the safety of their workers, they were not convicted in court

Federal Government: The gov. was absent when it came to passing laws that regulated working conditions and safety regulations.

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The Pullman Palace Car Strike occurred from May 11th 1894-  July 20th 1894. This was a railroad strike that heavily affected railroad traffic. This occurred in the companys town, Pullman. The Pullman Palace Car Company cut their workers wages. They also did not lower the rent at their company town. When some workers tried to meet with the president, he denied them and instructed the workers to be fired shortly after. The workers agreed to strike and walked off the job on May 11th.