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-Date: 2 may 1808 – 17 april 1814

-Description:Spain fought against the French invasion when Napoleon tried to control the country by placing his brother on the Spanish throne. The war caused a lot of destruction but ended with Spain's independence from France.

-Fact: The Spanish resistance, including guerrilla fighters, played a big role in the victory.

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-Date: 1812

-Description: Spain’s first constitution was written in Cádiz. It aimed to create a government with more rights for people, limiting the king’s power.

-Fact: This was a very modern idea for the time, but it was not fully implemented because of political conflicts.

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Return of Ferdinand VII and Absolutism (1814)

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Return of Ferdinand VII and Absolutism (1814)

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-Date: 1814

-Description: After Napoleon was defeated, King Ferdinand VII returned to Spain. He rejected the liberal constitution and restored absolute monarchy, meaning he had total control again.

-Fact: His rule was marked by repression of liberal ideas and revolts from different groups.

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-Date: 1833-1839

-Description: After King Ferdinand VII’s death, a civil war broke out between supporters of his daughter Isabel II and those who wanted her uncle Carlos to be king. This war was about politics and who should rule.

-Fact: The war divided Spain into two groups: liberals (supporting Isabel) and conservatives (supporting Carlos).

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-Date: 1833

-Description: When Ferdinand VII died, his young daughter Isabel II became queen. Her reign was full of conflicts, rebellions, and the struggle between different political groups.

-Fact: Isabel II’s reign lasted for decades, but she was often challenged by different political forces.

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-Date: 1868

-Description: A military revolt overthrew Queen Isabel II, ending her rule. This led to a brief period of political change and experiments with new forms of government.

-Fact: Isabel II was exiled to France, and Spain went through several changes in leadership in the following years.

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-Date: 1873-1874

-Description: After Isabel II’s abdication, Spain briefly became a republic. However, the republic was weak and lasted only a year due to internal conflicts and lack of support.

-Fact: Spain soon returned to monarchy after the republic failed.

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-Date: 1874

-Description: Alfonso XII was restored as king, starting the Bourbon Restoration. This period brought political stability but was controlled by just two main political parties, making the government seem unchanging

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-Fact: This period saw a return to a constitutional monarchy, though it was often manipulated by the political elite.

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-Date: 1898

-Description: Spain lost its last overseas colonies in a war with the United States. The defeat marked the end of the Spanish Empire

-Fact: Spain lost control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

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-Date: Late 19th century

-Description: After the defeat in the Spanish-American War, intellectuals and politicians began to push for reforms to "regenerate" Spain, focusing on modernizing the country’s economy, politics, and social systems.

-Fact: This movement led to new ideas about how Spain could improve its position in the world.

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The Rise of the Labour Movement (Late 1800s)

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The Rise of the Labour Movement (Late 1800s)

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-Date: Late 1800s

-Description: As industrialization began to change Spain, workers began organizing for better working conditions and wages. This led to the growth of unions and socialist ideas.

-Fact: The labour movement was one of the key social changes during the late 19th century.

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The Crisis of 1898 and National Reflection

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The Crisis of 1898 and National Reflection

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-Date: 1898

-Description: After the loss of its colonies, Spain entered a period of national crisis. Intellectuals and political leaders reflected on the country's decline and started searching for ways to improve it.

-Fact: This period is known as "The Disaster of 1898," and it led to significant changes in Spain’s self-identity.

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How did the political conflicts and changes affect Spanish society in the 19th century?

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How did the political conflicts and changes affect Spanish society in the 19th century?

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The constant political changes, such as wars, revolutions, and shifts between monarchy and republic, created instability in Spain. Society was deeply divided, with different groups fighting for control, causing unrest. The frequent changes in leadership led to confusion and fear, while the tension between liberals and conservatives caused long-lasting divisions.

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How did delayed industrialization influence the country’s development during this time?

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How did delayed industrialization influence the country’s development during this time?

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Spain was slower to industrialize compared to other European countries, meaning it remained mostly agricultural and poor. Industrialization created wealth and jobs in other nations, but Spain struggled to catch up. The lack of modern industry made Spain more dependent on foreign trade and unable to compete on a global scale, contributing to its decline.