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Characterized by excess sound in the nasal cavity during oral sounds. Most commonly associated with Velopharyngeal Insufficiency and often presents with larger velopharyngeal openings.

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nasalization of oral phonemes.

/b/ sounds like /m/

/d/ sounds like /n/

/g/ sounds like /ŋ/

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Reduction in nasal resonance due to blockage in the nasopharynx or nasal cavity.

Possible causes: deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, allergies, etc.

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Denasalization of nasal phonemes.

/m/ sounds like /b/

/n/ sounds like /d/

/ŋ/ sounds like /g/

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Muffled quality

Velopharyngeal insufficiency accompanied by anterior blockage of nasal airway.

Can be caused by deviated septum, nasal polyps, stenotic nares, or very large tonsils.

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It is always a structural problem and will require medical intervention.

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Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (hyper) permits air to enter partially obstructed (hypo) nasal passages.

These can co-occur but are not going to happen at the same time on the same phoneme!!

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Occurs when there is an attempt to build up intraoral pressure for production of consonants, but there is a leak in the system. Some airflow is released through the nose.

Can occur with hypernasal or normal resonance.

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Resonance disorders occur when there is a change in the way air and sound move through the throat, nose, and mouth.

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What would an example of hypo-hypernasality sound like?

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I like that you specified what can and can't co-occur.

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I have never heard of cul-de-sac- resonance before so it was interesting to learn about it and how it usually requires medical intervention. How long can it go untreated? Could someone possibly never receive medical treatment for this condition?

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I appreciate your inclusion of cul-de-sac resonance, this is a new concept for me! Is it possible to include any video examples of a person producing hyponasal and hypernasal speech? Hyponasality I can more clearly picture because I experience this when I have a cold, but hypernasality is harder to envision.

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I had never previously heard of cul-de-sac resonance, but it is important to know there is more resonance disorders than only hypo/hypernasality. I was wondering if you have any videos of hyper vs hyponasality? I find it hard to distinguish those two disorders perceptually!

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I love the note about Cul-de-sac Resonance always being a structural problem. I remember mentioning this in undergrad! I will keep this in mind now that we are getting more experience!

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What sorts of diagnoses would see nasal emissions? Just clefts and VPI or any other diagnoses?

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I love all of the information that you included! Since cut-de-sac resonance is always a structural problem that requires medical intervention, is that indicating that, as SLPs, there is nothing we can do to treat this?