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The utilization of fingerprints was introduced to identify guilt of criminals

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The 'father of criminal investigation' known as Alphonse Bertillon developed the science of anthropometry- body measurements for distinguishing an individual.

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Karl Landsteiner categorized human blood into types A, B, AB, and O.

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Dr. Leon Lattes from Turin Italy discovered a method to identify blood types from dry blood stains with the use of antibodies within the blood.

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In New York, the Chief Medical Examiner's Office opened a with it toxicology laboratory under the direction of Dr. Alexander Gettler. Quickly his students made it known to the nation about toxicology. This process of forensic science aids medical or legal investigations of death or substance abuse.

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Albrecht, H.O. a German chemist developed luminol, a chemical solution utilized to detect trace amounts of blood stains within a scene by turning into a bright fluorescent blue.

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Forensic Botany is the study of plant material to gather evidence that can aid in criminal proceedings. First brought to light by attorney Arthur Koehler who linked the guilty to a crime simply by wood that a ladder was made of.

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The beginning of forensic anthropology. Wilton Krogman a forensic consultant who had more than enough experience in skeletal identification techniques published two articles worldwide to let others and government officials know that there were specialists in physical anthropology who could identify skeletal remains.

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Forensic pathology was first recognized by American Board of Pathology because it had been used to solve crimes. Pathology examines individuals who have passed suddenly and need an autopsy.

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Forensic Odontology- the study of dental science to legal matters, otherwise known as forensic dentistry. If a cause of death was incentivized by a bite mark dental professionals assist authorities in interpreting injuries by analyzation.

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Kary B. Mullis discovered a polymerase chain reaction, that makes a tiny sample of DNA rapidly and in various quantities.

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Sir Alec Jeffrey's developed a DNA barcoding technique to examine the variations within one's genetic code. This now assist government officials in decoding DNA to identify the culprit or victim.

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was first presented in a courtroom where hairs were found in the victims throat, which were a vital role in the turnout of the case. mtDNA is a small portion of DNA found and is a last resort when there are no fingerprints, bodily fluids, just a simple hair follicle.

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Utilizing mtDNA, cold cases as old as two decades are brought to justice. While the DNA evidence was not strong enough back then with the help of mtDNA analysis, Arbie Dean Williams was convicted of murdering 15-year-old Linda Strait.

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mtDNA is utilized to help solve another big breakthrough in a 36-year-old case with hair fibers found on the babies' bodies.

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Botanical Society of America. (1935). Crime Scene Botanicals- Forensic Botany. https://botany.org/home/resources/plant-talking-points/crime-scene-botanicals-forensic-botany.html

Forensic biology. (2023, May). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_biology

Forensic pathology. (2024, August 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_pathology#:~:text=Forensic%20pathology%20was%20first%20recognized,criminal%20cases%20worldwide%20for%20years.

Golda, D. S. (2010). A look at the history of forensic anthropology: tracing my academic genealogy. Journal of Contemporary Anthropology. 1(1). https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=jca#:~:text=Forensic%20anthropology%20became%20established%20in,required%20identification%20of%20skeletal%20remains.

Niyogi S. K. (1980). Historic development of forensic toxicology in America up to 1978. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology, 1(3), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198009000-00011