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conquest of Spain through Christian warfare. Muslims forced to choose between conversion of exile: Muslims and over 200k jews emigrated out

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Moving out: 100k-60k years ago

Moved from the highlands of East Africa to Northeast Africa 300k years ago.

Failed dispersals to Arabia, Israel & Greece about 70k years ago + near extinction

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In Mesopotamia the crop yields started to decrease in 2400 BCE and lasted up until 1200 BCE because of the salt in the soil. The salt was the result of using underground systems to keep the plants healthy. This event was known as the "world turned white". All of this happened around 2000 BCE.

The opposite of this happened in Egypt around this time. While Sumer was decreasing their crop yields, Egypt was flourishing as a result of the regulated flow of the Nile river. Although there were floods around 2250-1950 BCE that wiped out crops, Egypt quickly recovered and continued to sustain their agriculture.

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first homo sapiens 260k-350k years ago

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The yellow turban rebellion was a result of the diminishing of the authority of the Chinese government. This happened because of the growth of landowning and rich families who would avoid paying taxes, causing free, poor, peasants to be forced to become tenant farmers. The rebellion was the poorer citizens of China fighting back against the government. 184 CE

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Greece flourished and were called Hellenes. They had a population of around 2-3 million

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The caste system kept the social status in line. It started with a smaller group of Brahmins and moved down to bigger groups of less valued people

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creation of city-based civilizations in Niger with more than 40k people

They operated without coercive authority of the state, with no centralized states.

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multiple levels of social status, lowest was untouchables and they were considered not pure

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8k-3500 BCE writing emerged and was used to keep track of taxes, payments, jobs and calendars. They helped the advancement of orders, laws, regulations, literature

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566-486 BCE

Siddhartha Gautama went searching for the cure for death and left his wife and child. Left for 6 years and found the enlightenment tree and became Buddha. Came back to teach people to go through pain and suffering and life through trouble in order to find Nirvana

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499-449 BCE

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largest city in the Americas at the time. helped advance culturally and technically

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wrote a range of subjects like the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts

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Ban Zhou: observed the traditions that took place when a girl was born.

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Start of trade on silk road led to advancements, sickness, and the spread of cultures and religions.

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Commerce started by camel-owning habitants of the desert. The Arab merchants that traveled the area wanted gold. Started trading for horses, cloths, etc.

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vastly expanded the country's canal system (1200 miles in length). Linked northern and southern China and resulted in a large amount of prosperity

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prophet for Allah, orphan and trader. Start pf Islamic religion. Quran, Umma, Quraysh, Hajj, Ramadan, pillars of Islam. Allah is God and Muhammad is his messenger.

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Expansion of Islam took hold of Jerusalem. Depending on rulers there were opportunities for Christian religions to be accommodated

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Supreme leaders were called Kaghan. Soldiers were "wolves"

Raided, traded, extorted southern civilizations: China, Persia, Byzantium

the empires included elements of Turk culture in inner Asia. agrarian civilizations

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1000 CE: Venice emerged as central commercial network

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1000 CE: Venice emerged as central commercial network

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It was active in Mediterranean and Black seas and Atlantic coast

Profitable goods from Asia were sold through the Red Sea through the Egyptian port of Alexandria. Materials were resold through Mediterranean basin

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major break in 1054, set itself apart from eastern orthodoxy. By the 11th century the Pope was the ultimate authority of the western Christendom

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growth of population in Europe from 35 million to around 80 million. (high middle ages). Advanced agricultural production due to the cooperation of the weather and climate (northern and highland regions)

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North first, was pastoral, then the South, song dynasty, less violent takeover. Mongols exploited China for riches.

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Around the 14th century Chinese trade routes began to disperse a bacterium from rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The black death killed over a third of the middle east by the 15th century and over half of Eurasia by 1350.

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conflict between Ottoman and Safavid empires 

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conflict between Ottoman and Safavid empires 

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Conflict between the two empires led to a division in the Islamic world throughout the 21st century.

Safavid empire was made to fix Islam to be a Shia led empire.

Ottoman empire was made by Turkic warriors

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Vasco da Gama made a voyage and found commerce from East Africa to China and started to want more tropical spices. This led to the Portuguese becoming transporters of goods.

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Invasion of India by the Mughal empire 1526

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Invasion of India by the Mughal empire 1526

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The takeover of India by the Mughal empire led to a mass political unity in that area for the century after 1526

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Continuity of Europeans bringing more disease to the Americas and wiping out large populations of native Americans in bringing over more items and merchants for trade

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1680-1760 military effort brought Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet into Chinese control. This expansion included the Quin conquest of Eurasia in bringing together different religious and cultural leaders under the Quin dynasty.

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Muslim java women were in royal courts, but normal women had no political power

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religious wars in west Africa 17-18th cent

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religious wars in west Africa 17-18th cent

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They were focused on corruption in higher leaders and practices to try to set morals back to what they should be.

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The Terror was the mass execution and beheading of French people, including the execution of leaders and nobles, and even their king. These executions were usually public with the use of a guillotine.

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People began accepting western education as a way to improve their status within society. The western education system was used to teach indigenous peoples about the European religion, language, and learning. In India, a new group of people emerged from the idea that one religion could be identified as one group. Hindus began viewing themselves as one large group of people, rather that many different religious groups.

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Middle class women were allowed easy jobs sometimes but if they were married, they were not allowed jobs at all. If their wives worked, men were considered failures

Laboring class women were allowed jobs in textiles but were given less pay. Women were given "easier" jobs and not able to move up based on how well they worked. Same rule still applied to married women; men were considered failures if their wives worked.

Laboring class women were still able to make money from inside their homes. Clothing, washing, etc.

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Peasant revolt led by two priests who were creole landowners. The revolt led to a controlled independence in Mexico by 1821

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This revolution had a goal of overthrowing Porfirio Diaz and to redistribute land to peasants and workers. At the end of the revolution a constitution was created to reestablish the rights of workers, like minimum wage and 8-hour workdays. This revolution was again because of the two main different political parties, the conservatives and liberals. Conservatives wanting to stick to older values and liberals wanting to reform to more enlightenment thinking.

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Women of different cultures and ethnicities began to be respected and valued based on more than just their husband. The ideology of Europeans being at the top of all races made them feel that other cultures should treat women the way that they did.

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The Ottoman empire is falling under the rule and influence of Christianity. This is due to the Ottomans objection to newer ideas and revolutions taking place in other places. Their conservative mindset caused for them to fall behind and become more vulnerable. They slowly began to lose more and more land, shrinking substantially. This led to many states within their empire to become independent due to revolutions and accepting some western practices.

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the scientific revolution started to grow and spread so far that it began to lose any association with European culture.

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Japan was the first place to defeat a major European power. This was mainly because of their need for more natural resources. Japan lacked many raw materials because of their geography. People started to look up to Japan because of how they had successfully escaped and avoided colonial takeover from Europe.

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Very unorganized, there was a desire for many men to join the war because it was viewed as a symbol of pride and status, very nationalist ideology. First total war: affected everyone whose country was part of the war in any way.

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A result of the first world war. The great depression was caused by the crash of the stock market in 1929 for a decade. There was a large wave of unemployment in most places associated with the US. This caused many people to lose faith in the government and begin to create their own different groups and leaders, such as fascists.

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Great Britain wanting to tighten control over the colonies in America led to the 13 colonies turning against Britain in order to gain their own independent region. The British needed more revenue and Americans wanted to preserve older ideologies but have a new nation.

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Many people in Germany weren't okay with the blame of the first world war, so Hitler rose to power and decided to no longer pay any of the debts that had been inflicted on them. The Nazis and Hitler started the "racial purification" of Germany by working and starving Jews until they died. There were many attacks on Jews and other races and religions throughout Germany as the Nazis tried to "cleanse" the world and make it fully German

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India was made up of mainly Hindus and Muslims, Muslims being the minority. Most muslims felt inferior and smaller compared to Hindus because of their fear of being squashed out by their larger population. This led to the Muslim community breaking off from the rest of India to make their own country, Pakistan.

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Mao led a group for communism, preaching that the industrializing of China was fully going to wipe out all socialism in the empire. In the 1950s him and his group went against capitalists during the cultural revolution.

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Cars started becoming popular and as more people were buying cars the amount of fossil fuels being used skyrocketed. There were more greenhouse gasses and the prediction of the running out of fossil fuels became more popular.

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The Soviet Union secretly deployed missiles into Cuba, 90 miles away from the United States, Kennedy but up a naval blockade and there was a 13-day standoff. Fear of potential nuclear warfare resulted in the Soviet Union backing down and moving the missiles