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Rise of Settlements and Complex Societies in Present-Day US (700-1100 C.E.)

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Rise of Settlements and Complex Societies in Present-Day US (700-1100 C.E.)

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Definition:

the permanent establishment, settlements, and evolution of Native American societies due to reliable technological, agricultural, and political developments.

Causes:

agricultural revolution

crop systems

domestication of animals

development of more advanced tools

stable and more permanent settlements were able to form because reliable irrigation and farming systems were set up

population increased

Horticulture

small plots of land were cultivated using basic tools

widely used in modern-day Mexico

Three sisters

corn, beans, and squash

grew and were farmed together because of their compatibility

balanced diet

could last if dried

Effects:

came to know math and astronomy

developed hieroglyphic writing and their own version of a calendar

built wealth and complex political structures such as bureaucracies

other native societies were able to build off of their previous developments and evolve even more

empires challenged and threatened European colonizers

Theme: Geography and the Environment + American and National Identity

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Definition:

The Aztecs built the capital of their empire and named it Tenochtitlán, which is where present-day Mexico City is located.

Causes:

maya civilization failed as economy faced a major decline

surviving communities turned to work and do business with the Aztecs

huge economic and societal prosperity

well-off, reliable trade networks were already a part of their society

Effects:

semi-nomadic peoples settled down

were able to build off of knowledge of locals on how to prosper agriculturally and economically

societal classes were established

laborers

nobility

were able to offer many nice items for trade such as pottery, cloth, and buckskin to get tool/weapon-making items

slaves played a major role in being part of these trades/ being the objects that were exchanged

IN THE FUTURE, Cortés traveled to Tenochtitlan

Aztecs were not very liked by people living around them

Cortés was able to gain supporters, ~20,000 Native Americans, who wanted the Aztecs ot be brought down

Moctezuma II, the ruler of the Aztec Empire a the time, originally showed hospitality to the spanish

Spanish brought many new and helpful goods like dogs, cannons, and horses

He kidnapped Moctezuma

Proceeded to kill many high-status Mexica when they had a religious festival

People of the city were outraged and drove the spanish out

Used the lack of cohesiveness, unity, and general outrage against the Aztecs to garner support and take the city once and for all

Cortés’ wife, Malintzin, was originally a tribute brought by the people of Tabasco for him, but soon became his partner

Aided him in bringing the downfall of the Aztecs

Ultimately, spanish destroyed Aztec population with disease

Smallpox

Also infected tribes around the empire

Theme: Politics and Power

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Definition:

A civilization of people that inhabited the costal Andes Mountains, that had power over millions of Natives and thousands of miles. Additionally, this empire was advanced in the sense that they had a formed system of transportation, military, trade, and food, throughout the capital and surrounding communities.

Causes:

society was able to build on the previous developments of the Maya and Aztec societies

fertile land and ability to cultivate it for farming

potatoes and other crops mass produced on terraces

complex irrigation systems created to accommodate for farming techniques/environment situation

Very organized society

miners dug up riches

artisans created jewelry and art (wow. how novel.)

labor was used to build large scale buildings, palaces, and religious temples

Religious aspect

believed that human sacrifice could be practiced to achieve military success and avoid inclement weather or disasters

Effects:

Impacted the formation of Native societies in the future

were rich

Theme: America in the World

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Portuguese Trading Posts Established in West Africa (1482)

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Portuguese Trading Posts Established in West Africa (1482)

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Definition:

The foundation of main, Portuguese, trade hubs along the coast of Africa to facilitate more trade, not only with African goods, but with Asian goods too.

Causes:

navigation and sailing technology improves

caravels

ship

astrolabe

navigation device

want to avoid large tariffs and monopoly that the Silk Road had

all asian goods were incredibly expensive and took a while to arrive in Europe when trading by land

wanted goods (ivory), gold, and labor (enslaved peoples)

Wanted to further expeditions down the continent

Elmina Castle built as a trading post and fort + was the place from which many explorations were sent from

wanted to reach the Indian Ocean and access spice trade by going around the tip of African continent

Bartolomeu Dias got the most southern point of Africa before turning around

Vasco De Gama in 1497

Effects:

led Portuguese economy to become incredibly successful in international trade

Spanish want to compete and find riches of their own, but in the "New World"

trading posts were established in many asian countries such as India, China, Japan, and even Indonesia

Asian good were able to be dispersed throughout Europe

the Silk Trade Route and Arab fleet lost their monopoly on spice and even ceramic trade

Theme: Work, Exchange, and Technology

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Columbus First Voyage to Americas (1492)

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Columbus First Voyage to Americas (1492)

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Definition:

The first European, and specifically Spanish, voyage made across the Atlantic Ocean, landing in the Caribbean.

Causes:

Need to find ways of attaining riches and goods by not using Silk Road (a.k.a. trade route controlled by Muslim and Italian traders + getting goods from there takes long and is very dangerous)

development and improvement of navigation systems in Spain and Portugal

Ships known as Caravels that could sail no matter which way the wind was blowing

Competition between Spain and Portugal on economic success

God, Glory, and Gold

Reconquista and aiming ot spread Catholicism around the world

Effects:

wipes out Native population(80 - 90 percent)

enslaved or die of new diseases brought in by Europeans

Cash crops discovered (sugar cane and tobacco)

Establishment of first plantations

influx of conquistadors to explore more of the "New World"

colonization skyrockets

Columbian Exchange set up to facilitate the trade of goods and livestock between the "Old World" and "New World"

Theme: Migration and Settlements

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Definition:

A movement in Spain that sought to eradicate muslims from the Iberian Peninsula.

Causes:

Spain reunites as Ferdinand and Isabella come together, marry, and rule Spain as one whole country

solidified "Christian Spain"

Crusades

Failed domination and eradication of Muslims from the Holy Lands

helped form religious ideology, intolerance, and beliefs of Reconquista --> only Catholicism should remain

promotion of Catholicism and a united national identity by Isabella and Ferdinand

Effects:

want to spread their religions to all corners of the globe and convert everyoen to be a unified peoples under God

colonization and the religious "conquest" of the Americas

pushing out Native American religions that surround Natural environment and spiritual practices

conquistadors claiming land for Catholicism and the Pope --> Requerimiento

idea of "Divine Right"

Religious intolerance --> only room for Christianity or Catholicism

syncretism rejected along with ideologies of more than one God

Conversion was pushed on many Native Nations

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

destructive rejection of Christianity from Native American society in New Mexico

Theme: Politics and Power

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Definition:

The exchange of materials, goods, disease, and ideas between the Americas, the "New World" and Europe, the "Old World".

Causes:

New materials and goods being found in Americas that could benefit Europe

gold, maize, tobacco, sugar cane, tomatoes

more colonizers making their way to the Americas to see what's up

establishment of settlement and colonies in the "New World"

Effects:

"The Great Dying"

nutrient-rich/calorically dense foods sent to Europe

helped with poverty and famines ravishing the continent

wheat becomes major source of food for communities and nations in the Americas

livestock changes diets

pigs and cattle

Horses become integral to life of hunter-gatherers in the plains

new ways of transporting, fighting, and even farming

Lots of gold and silver to Spain

Capitalism and inflation is introduced in European society

HELPED END FEUDALISM IN EUROPE

HELPED LEAD TO PLANTATION SYSTEM AND THEN RACE-BASED SLAVERY

encouraged other european nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands to begin to find their own ways to the Americas

then came Jamestown and Plymouth + first voyages of British colonizers to the modern-day U.S.

Theme: Work, Exchange, and Technology

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Definition:

a treaty that demarcated where Spain and Portugal could colonize by drawing a straight, vertical line on the world map

Causes:

return of Columbus from his first mission to the Americas

Spanish and Portuguese have competition for colonies

Spanish worried about Portuguese dominance and ask Pope for help

Portugese believed Africa to be more valuable than the "New World" during this time

Effects:

Spain thought that everything on their side of the line was their property

diverging world views of what it means to inhabit the land

Requerimiento (1513) justifying abuse and enslavement against natives + Encomienda System

Spain will accrue lots of wealth through the establishment of colonies in the "new world", Mexico, the Caribbean, and even Florida

Theme: America In the World

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Definition:

A system of labor that exploited the Natives to work for the Europeans in order to do intensive jobs such as farm and mine.

Causes:

needed to extract valuable goods like ores and crops

labor needed because Spanish weren't going to do that themselves

land grants given to conquistadors

intensive mines and plantations

with that came labor

Effects:

De las Casa (1542) --> first "human-rights" activist

suspension of the system, but it reimplemented shortly after

Debates at Villanean (1550)

Sepulveda

saying Spanish are justified in their actions & superiority

dehumanizing them --> "beasts" and "contaminated"

Not first-hand accounts

De Las Casas

they aren't all barbaric

they have capacity, religion, and their own laws

had been in the "New World"/ was a conquistador

in favor of sending Spanish people --> colonization and settlement

race-based slavery

harsh conditions

maltreatment

overworking

disease

malaria

leads to African salves coming over who are more resistant to malaria

creation of trans-Atlantic slave trade

Idea of race

social construct

specifically made to justify slavery

Chattel slavery

that person and their offspring are considered PROPERTY

created also because of major need for labor in Americas

Slavery

first considered ILLEGAL for the European Christians because it was a "MORAL ATROCITY"

justifications were introduced in order to permit slaves

overtime they categorized Africans as less than humans, that their "race" was inferior to White people

Caste System

system of taxation

social classism

racial hierarchy introduced based on how "pure" you are

Theme: Social Structures

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First Enslaved Africans Brought to Americas (not necessarily North America)

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First Enslaved Africans Brought to Americas (not necessarily North America)

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Definition:

Supplying the demand for more disease resistant labor in the Americas.

Causes:

Began in late 1400s

Needed labor in colonies as natives continued to die from disease (80% - 90%)or resisted enslavement

Before, african slavery were seen through indentured servitude, serfdom, and even in a status in which they could climb the social/wealth hierarchy

During slave trade, people who were sold were known as P.O.W.s, felons, and general criminals

Not even considered African anymore

The africans in the new world were dehumanized and demeaned

Effects:

In Africa

greedy tribes turned against each other as competition for the Europeans goods and trade rose

All of them wanted to do business with Europeans, so they began to look for slaves or citizens in other tribes

In Americas

race-based slavery established

dehumanization in order to justify enslavement by Christians

seen as savage and biologically "less than"

Theme: Migration and Settlement