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Martin Luther created the 95 theses because he said the Catholic Church was doing corrupt practice of selling indulgences. He wanted to inform the people of his ideas about what he thought were improper practice. He hoped of reforming religion

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Martin Luther showed up to the Diet of Worms to defend his view against charges of heresy. The Diet of Worms told Martin Luther to take down the 95 theses. Martin Luther refused to take it down so the Diet of Worms excommunicated him from the Catholic Church

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Martin Luther translating the bible to german

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Martin Luther translating the bible to german

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Luther believed that everyone should be able to read the Bible. So he translated it into German so that it would speak to the people. He made it simple for people to understand

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Calvin's beliefs were influenced by the writings of Martin Luther. He agreed with his core beliefs. Such as the idea that Christians are reconciled to God by faith.

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Published The Institutes of the Christian Religion

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Published The Institutes of the Christian Religion

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In 1536, Calvin published his interpretation of Christianity in The Institutes of the Christian Religion. Which is considered one of the most important works of Protestant theology.

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Calvin transformed Geneva into a theocratic state and the intellectual center of Protestant Europe. He served as pastor and head of the Genevan Academy.

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The Reformation affected trade with European countries, with North Sea trade continuing and business with France progressing. but trade with the Spanish in the Low Countries was not an option because of their their Catholic ties.

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he printing press allowed Martin Luther and other reformers to reach a large audience, which helped establish the Protestant vision of Christianity. The printing press allowed for the quick and large-scale distribution of ideas, which helped spread general knowledge and new ideas. The printing press helped to standardize language.

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The main trigger was the attempt by Emperor Ferdinand II, a devout Catholic, to impose Catholicism on predominantly Protestant regions like Bohemia, which angered Protestant nobles and sparked rebellion. Beyond religious concerns, the war also involved political power struggles between various European nations, with many seeing an opportunity to gain territory or influence within the Holy Roman Empire.

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The Reformation led to a rapid shift of resources away from the religious sector and toward the secular. This was due to a number of factors, including the expropriation of monasteries, the decline of religious construction, and the increase in secular construction.

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European political landscapes shifted as regions converted to Protestantism. leading to new alliances and power dynamics.

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During the Reformation, religious toleration was often seen as a sign of weakness or tacit approval of illicit actions. While the Reformation initially fueled religious conflict, it eventually contributed to the idea of religious tolerance in some regions, as seen in the Peace of Augsburg.

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he Reformation challenged the hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. Asserting that all believers have direct access to God and are considered priests in their own right.

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the central emphasis on "justification by faith alone

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the central emphasis on "justification by faith alone

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This doctrine, also known as sola fide, is a key difference between the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism and other Christian churches. It states that believers are justified before God through faith in Christ's righteousness, rather than through their own obedience to the law.

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Sola gratia is the belief that salvation is a result of divine grace, or "unmerited favor", and not something that can be earned or deserved by the sinner. Reformers believed that sola gratia meant that God had accomplished everything necessary for salvation, and that salvation was based on God's gracious love, not human works or decisions.