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By 1793, in Pawtucket Samuel Slater built what became the first successfully textile mill in the United States that was powered by water. Slater's factory was a huge success. before long, other American manufacturers began using his ideas

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Jethro woods created the iron plow. However, John Deere improved the iron plow by making it a steel plow more durable. A horse would be able to pull the steel plow more quickly than an ox.

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By 1836, it boasted more than 10,000 people. visitors described it as a model community composed of "small wooden houses, painted white, with green blinds, very neat, very snug, and very nicely carpeted

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small wooden white house with green blinds 1836

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In 1834, Philo Stewart developed a cast-iron stove small enough for use in an average kitchen. His factory-built wood-burning stove was a great success. About 90000 were sold. The cast iron stove was only one sign of the way northern factories were changing the lives of ordinary people

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Boys and girls as young as seven worked in factories small children were especially useful in textile mills because they could squeeze around the large machines to change spindles.

Today most Americans look upon child labor as cruel. Yet in the 1800's farm children also worked hard. Most people did not see much difference between children working in a factory or working on a farm. Often, a child's wages were needed to help support the family.

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Growing Cities had numerous problems. Many of these results from human modification of the environment. Dirt and gravel streets turned into mud-holes when it rained. Cities had no sewers, and people threw garbage into the streets. A visitor to New York reported that "The streets are filthy, and the stranger is not a little surprised to meet the hogs walking about in them, for the purpose of devouring the vegetables and trash thrown into the gutters."

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Investors looked to the market to decide where to invest or what business to start. In market economy, goods are bought and sold, and wages are determined, by the market. If a product is in high enough demand and the resupply is limited, the price will be high. Entrepreneurs started businesses to supply high-priced or high-demand products. They abandoned businesses where the demand and price were low.

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During the war of 1812, Francis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant, found a way to improve on British textile Mills. In Britain, one factory spun thread and a second factory wove it into a cloth. Why not, Lowell wondered, combine spinning and weaving under one roof? The new mill that he built in Waltham, Massachusetts, had all the machines needed to turn raw cotton into finished cloth

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spinning and weaving cloth factories 1812

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American manufacturers also benefited from the pioneering work of American inventor Eli Whitney. Earlier, skilled workers made goods by hand. For example, gunsmiths spent days making the barrel, stock, and trigger for a single musket differed a bit from every other musket. If a part broke, a gunsmith had to make a new part to fit that particular gun. Whitney wanted to speed up the making of guns by having machines manufacture each part. All machine-made parts would be alike-for example, on trigger would be identical to another. Identical parts, and gunsmiths would not have build each gun from scratch. Interchangeable parts would save time and money

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To work in their new Mills, the company hired young woman from nearby farms. the Lowell girls, as they came to be called, usually worked for a few years in the Mills before returning home to marry. These young woman like them in other mill towns, made important economic contribution to America society by providing labor for the Industrial Revolution most sent their wages home to their families