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A sentence is a grammatically complete unit capable of standing alone on its own and semantically independent.

(normally) = an independent clause with a finite verb

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A clause is a group of words => a grammatical unit

= a subject & a finite verb

E.g. Because I was late (dependent clause), they went without me (independent clause).

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A phrase is a group of words => a grammatical unit not containing a subject & a finite verb

E.g. I like her expensive new car.

George hates working in the garden.

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Dependent clause = subordinator (vs. coordinator) + independent

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A sentence which contains only 1 clause

E.g. I like milk.

Mary and I went to the concert together.

He is a good man but sometimes misbehaves.

A sentence which contains only 1 predicate

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A sentence which contains 2 or more than 2 independent clauses joined by

A semi-colon

E.g. My father is a doctor; my mother is a nurse.

A colon

E.g. I don't want to go: it's raining outside.

A coordinating conjunction (coordinator) B.O.Y.F.A.N.S

E.g. He's a small boy, but he's very strong.

A connecting adverb

E.g. He's a small boy; however, he's very strong.

Correlative conjunctions

E.g. These headlines both mystified and infuriated him.

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A sentence which contains 1 or more dependent clauses (including the subordinating conjunction/subordinator) in addition to its independent clause

E.g. When it rained, we went inside.

If you cannot have what you like, you had better like what you have.

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Based on WORD ORDER

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S + V(f)

E.g. It's very cold here in the winter. (Affirmative)

I don't think she looks very well. (Negative)

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Verb: a word that is usually one of the main parts of a sentence and that expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.

E.g. Action verbs: kick, go, speak, leave, etc

State verbs: feel, agree, need, know, like, etc

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A form of a verb that is related to the subject in PERSON and/or NUMBER, and which shows TENSES.

E.g. We want to leave.

She wants to leave.

I wanted to leave.

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Infinitive: bare infinitive, to-Infinitive

E.g. She wants to leave.

V-ING

E.g. We are studying grammar.

We love studying grammar.

Past participle

E.g. Someone has stolen all my money.

I had all my money stolen.

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Subject

Predicate: part of the sentence which

states/asserts sth about the subject

usually consists of

Finite verb

Object

Complement

Adverbial

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A transitive verb requires an object in the form of a noun or pronoun to complete its meaning

E.g. He kicked a small stone.

Did you enjoy the party?

I'll send you a postcard.

She said that she would be late.

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E.g. I can't sleep.

The thief escaped.

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E.g. I am a student.

She became my friend.

Bill seems to have no friends.

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OC: one linked to an object

E.g. We made her the chairperson.

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SC: one linked to a subject by be or linking verb

E.g. She is a doctor.

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Any word, phrase, or clause that functions like an adverb

-> an adverb is a single-word adverbial

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S + VI

S + VI + A

E.g. The phone rang (loudly).

He came in.

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S + VL + S.C

E.g. Frank is a teacher.

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S + VT + D.O

S + VT + D.O + to/for + I.O

E.g. My sister answered the phone.

They introduced me to the professor.

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S + VT + I.O + D.O

E.g. They gave him a watch.

They brought me some water.

S + VT + D.O + to/for + I.O

E.g. They gave a watch to him.

They brought some water for me.

I'll post the letter for you.

S + VT + I.O

E.g. I'll tell you soon.

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S + VT + D.O +O.C

E.g. They appointed him chairman.

He drove me crazy.

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V + S?

E.g. Can she come? Yes/No question

What's your name? Wh- question

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How...!

What...!

E.g. How clever she is!

What a meal!

*May not have full sentence structure

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V(f-bare Inf)

E.g. Come on in.

Be seated, please.