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A statement issued on August 14th, 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II. It publicly affirmed the sense of solidarity between the US and Great Britain against axis aggression and laid out President Roosevelt's vision for the post war world that was characterized by freer exchanges of trade, self-determination, disarmament, and collective security.

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Held to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II. On the final day, President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided that the only way to ensure postwar peace was to adopt a policy of unconditional surrender.

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A strategy meeting with Joseph Stalin, Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. They coordinated their military strategy against Germany and Japan and made a number of important decisions concerning the post World War II era. The Western Allies' committed to open a second front against Nazi Germany, including an invasion on France.

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Held to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe. The Big Three agreed that after Germany's unconditional surrender, it would be divided into four post-war occupation zones, controlled by U.S., British, French and Soviet military forces.

German "zones of occupation"
The Americans, British, French, and Soviets divided Germany into four zones. The American, British, and French zones made up the western two-thirds of Germany while the soviet zone comprised the eastern third.

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Held to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace; they were to finalize a post-war agreement and to pressure Japan. The agreements from the Yalta conference were to be put into action at Potsdam.

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Founded after the Second World War by countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, promoting social progress, etc.

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Nations that are controlled politically and economically by a more powerful nation. Created by the Soviet Union because it would give them a defense against future attacks from the West and become a buffer zone for the Soviet Union and Western Europe.

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A term describing the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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The main strategy the U.S. employed when fighting the spread of soviet communism was containment, which relied on preventing other countries from becoming communist via USSR intervention. The United States achieved this through policies such as the Truman Doctrine. Signed by Harry S. Truman in 1947, it declared the US would provide aid/support to any country threatened by soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine was a way to passively fight back against this spread of ideology, along with The Marshall Plan, which allocated over 12 billion dollars in financial aid to help rebuild European countries recovering from the damage of WWII. This plan was put in place in order to strengthen their economy, encouraging more democratic systems to be put in place rather than commnusim.

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In the land treaties of Germany, the USSR controlled the area of Berlin and surrounding land. In what was known as The Berlin Blockade, Stalin attempted to shield Western Berlin from western powers by closing canals and ports in which the west brought aid in an attempt to absorb Berlin into the soviet powers. This strategy failed due to U.S. and allied airplanes airlifting supplies into Berlin, rendering the blockade useless.

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The National Security Act served to reorganize the foreign policy and military of the United States Government and resulted in The Secretary of Defense. The act also put into place a National Military establishment, and departments for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This enforced a sense of national security following the start of The Cold War and the threat of Communism and created The National Security Council (NSA-68). The NSA was a policy paper outlining the United States' military plans for The Cold War, military budget, hydrogen bomb development, as well as plans to fight communism internationally. These policies contradicted the use of containment of Communism and were more directly aggressive towards the USSR.

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In 1949, The People's Republic of China was established after Communist Party leader Mao Zedong beat the Nationalist government. After fleeing to Taiwan, the nationalists were supported by the U.S. Because of this, however, the U.S. now had limited access to China's mainland for trading and diplomatic conduct due to their new Communist rule.

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The Korean War was a direct result of the Truman Doctrine and the United States' containment policy, as Soviet-controlled North Korea invaded Western-controlled South Korea. Divided at the 38th parallel, the communists of North Korea were armed by the Soviets and invaded the South, resulting in mostly American troops being deployed. In the end the Chinese pushed South Korea back to the parallel, and the war ended exactly how it started, with the two divided nations.

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During Truman's presidency, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy publicly claimed that 200 of Truman's white house staff members were members of the communist party. This demonstrated the paranoia of many Americans and introduced the campaign of McCarthyism when many US officials were accused of allegiance to the communist party due to heightened paranoia and political repression.

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The Cold War also lead to the space race between the USSR and the United States. The Soviets launched into the lead with Sputnik, the first manmade satellite to orbit the earth, which created more motivation for the U.S. to gain ground in the field.

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Similar to the Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine promised military aid to any nation under threat of Communist aggression, as a response to the failure of containment against the USSR.

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In 1960, a U.S. U-2 spy plane photographing deep in USSR territory was shot down, ending a summit conference between France, the United Kingdom, and the USSR. This incident fueled tensions between the U.S. and the Soviets, continuing a pattern of escalation.

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The term "Military Industrial Complex" represents the relationship between a nation's military force and the economy/politics that supplies/fuels it.

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House un American activities Committee (HUAC)

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House un American activities Committee (HUAC)

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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was a committee dedicated to investigating alleged communists within the United States to be tried during Cold War times.

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Smith Act 1940 - Dennis et Al v. United States

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Smith Act 1940 - Dennis et Al v. United States

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The Smith Act of 1940 made it illegal to advocate for the government to be violently overthrown, or to be a part of a political group/society that did. As a response to fears of communist conspiracy, this act was upheld as constitutional in Dennis V. United States.

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In 1948, government official Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy. He sued his accuser, former communist, and "Time" editor Whittaker Chambers for Libel, but was later convicted of perjury. Despite this, he claimed innocence till his death in 1996.

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The McCarran Act expanded restrictions on immigrant groups, required subversive groups to register with the U.S. General, and allowed the detention people in these groups that were deemed dangerous to U.S. democracy.

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The Army-McCarthy Hearings were senate hearings meant to investigate the conflicting accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy. The Army claimed Roy Cohn, chief committee counselor, of pressuring them to give special treatment to David Shine, a friend of McCarthy.

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"Duck and Cover" was a 50s film demonstrating what to do in case of Soviet nuclear warfare against the United States during the Cold War. The film instructed students to duck and cover under their desks, covering their necks and keeping their heads down. This showed the normalization of the threat of the Cold War, and how escalation had brought the USSR to possible nuclear war.

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Enacted by JFK, flexible response meant the president could choose from varying normality options for different responses to the Soviet Union. This process eased tensions between the nations and avoided mass retaliation from the entire country.

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Orchestrated by the United States, the Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed operation to invade Cuba by exiles in opposition to Fidel Castro's rule. The U.S. Government also opposed Castro, as his armed revolt allied himself with the Soviet Union. After airstrikes failed, many of the men went into the battle completely swarmed, and quickly failed.

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In The Cuban Missile Crisis, the soviet union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, only 90 miles away from U.S. shores. This created a standoff between the United States and The Soviet Union, almost pushing them to full warfare. After multiple days of tension, there was an agreement that brought the missile out of Cuba, preventing escalation of the war.

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The Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) were meant to put restrictions on ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons between the Soviet Union and The United States. Its purpose was to restrain the steadily escalating arms race between the global superpowers, and served to lessen tensions between the two countries and diminish threats of nuclear warfare. SALT II resulted in a limit specifically on strategic missiles launchers in an effort to limit the vulnerability to attack between the two.

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The Nixon Doctrine stated that the United States would provide economic and military aid rather than ground troops to threatened allied countries. This was an effort to deescalate the Vietnam War, as the U.S. not only could not financially support combat, but were also facing heavy losses from the Vietcong.

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The Strategic Defense Initiative was a missile defense system meant to protect against potential nuclear attacks. Proposed by Ronald Reagan, the program was meant to intercept missiles mid-flight. This plan involved space weaponry, which spurred critics to argue it was impossible.

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The Reagan Doctrine was another effort by the United States to prevent the spread of communism on foreign soil. The doctrine provided aid to anti-communist guerillas and movements throughout places like Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This was used in Grenada with the deployment of U.S. troops to prevent communist invasion.

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The Iran Contra Scandal/Affair was a political scandal during Reagan's second term that resulted from a secret arms deal in which the U.S. Government sent weapons to an enemy force along with aid to a rebel force illegally. The secrecy surrounding this operation created controversy, as Reagan previously had a policy of isolationism.

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Gorbechev was the final president of the Soviet Union and brought many changes to the global superpower. He fueled democratic processes like multi-party elections, eventually leading to the weakening of communist ideals in the USSR. His resignation in 1991 was shortly followed by a vote to dissolve the nation itself, resulting in the end of the Cold War.

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Glasnost was established by Mikhail Gorbechev to represent openness and government transparency within the USSR, directly contradicting the previous decades of government control against anti-communist ideals. This was a huge step in the reformation of the Soviet Union before its eventual dissolution.

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Perestroika translates to "restructuring," which is what it served to do within the former Soviet Union. It was a policy reforming the economic and political systems in the USSR, with an increased focus on automation and labor efficiency. This proved to reform labor to meet consumer needs through socialism.

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The collapse of the Berlin Wall signified the end of the Cold War as Europe (and the world) began to recover from the effects of the cold war. On November 9th, 1989, protestors tore down the Berlin wall, connecting communist East Germany with West Germany once again.

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Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won in a landslide over Democrat Adlai Stevenson II, which ended a string of Democratic Party wins. Eisenhower retained his popularity from the war as was seen in his campaign slogan "I like Ike."

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Refers specifically to the post WW2 baby boom in the US and Europe. An estimated 78.3 Million Americans were born during this period.

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His wartime work on influenza virus used "killed virus". For polio, he used the same approach, applying tissue culture methods. By 1954 it proved effective against all 3 strains of polio

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With its freeze on commercial television and general technology shortages, delayed the rise of the medium. By 1955 half of American homes had a tv set.

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A line of electronic digital stored-program computers, it was one of the earliest commercial computers.

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It provided for a 65,000km national system of interstate and defense highways to be built over 13 years. It authorized the building of highways throughout the nation

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The first truly mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country. The name of several large suburban housing developments created in the US by William J. Levitt and his company

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An American pediatrician whose books on child-rearing influenced generations of parents and made his name a household world. The first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children's needs and family dynamics.

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Founded in 1892 by a group of Californians who wished to sponsor wilderness outings in the mountain regions of the pacific coast. The club was involved in political action to further nature conservation.

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Galvanized the US to enact reforms in science and engineering education so that the nation could regain technological ground it appeared to have lost to its Soviet rival.

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A person who participated in a social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s which stressed artistic self-expression and the rejection of the mores of the conventional society.

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The little rock nine enrolled at the high school which until then had been all white. Their effort to enroll was supported by the supreme court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education which had declared segregated schooling to be unconstitutional

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African Americans refused to ride city buses in Alabama to protest segregated seating.

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Founded by young people dedicated to nonviolent, direct action tactics. Founded in the wake of student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters.

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Groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals.

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The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress

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A voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi

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Simultaneously encouraged Black political participation while challenging the validity of Mississippi's Democratic Party

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A landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. Signed into law by President Lyndon B.

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The cause was the arrest of an African American man by a white California Highway Patrol officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. It inspired the federal government to implement programs to address unemployment, education, healthcare, and housing

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An African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism

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It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the "separate but equal" Plessy v. Ferguson case

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A social activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American civil rights movement

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Was a broad political movement mainly in the 60s and 70s consisting of activists in the Western world who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, environmentalism, etc.

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Began when students at Berkeley protested a ban on on-campus political activites. Led by several students who also demanded their right to free speech and academic freedom

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Leaders spoke out against high unemployment, slum housing, and racist treatment, fought for treaty rights and the reclamation of tribal land, and advocated on behalf of urban Indians whose situation bred illness and poverty

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Protested Wilson's administration, as well as against the federal government's persistent failures to honor its treaties with Native American nations.

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A former Hispanic political party centered on Chicano (Mexican-American) nationalism

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An organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association in 1962

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It was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cuba and US employment discrimination. They were fed up with constant police harassment and social discrimination.

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Coined by Friedan to describe the assumptions that women would be fulfilled from their housework, marriage, sexual lives, and children

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Purpose is to take action through intersectional grassroots activism to promote feminist ideals, lead societal change, eliminate discrimination, etc

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The court ruled that the constitution of the US protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction

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The overarching theme of Silent Spring is the powerful-and often negative- effect humans have on the natural world

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Marks the anniversary of the birth of the modern environmental movement

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Nixon received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern and he hold the record for the widest popular vote margin in any post-world war ii US presidential election

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A Republican Party electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans

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Coordinates and consolidates the policies about petroleum production and output involving its member nations

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A political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the US federal government back to the states

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Stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters where there was burglary and illegal wiretapping of its headquarters

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Refers to US President Nixon's orders to fire independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox which led to the resignations of many people. A series of events that took place in the US on the Saturday, October 20, 1972

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Late stages of the watergate scandal where there was an ongoing impeachment process againt Richard Nixon

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Resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979 and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic

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Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately seventy Americans captive. Triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter Presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carted and the American people that last 444 days.

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Ensured that both Egypt and Israel achieved their primary goals: Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula that Israel had captured during the Six-Day War, while Israel received its first formal recognition from an Arab state.

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Known as the people's initiative to limit property taxation. IT caps the amount property taxes may increase each year.