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The Palmyrenes, or people of Palmyra, built three types of elaborate, large-scale monuments for their dead called houses of eternity. The first was a tower tomb, some as high as four stories.

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The city of Palmyra, in modern Syria, had long been at the crossroads of Western and Eastern

political, religious, and cultural influences, as it was a caravan stop for traders traveling the Silk

Road between the Mediterranean and the Far East. In the first century CE, the city came under

Roman rule and under the Romans, the city prospered, and the arts flourished. Following a rebel

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At  the time of their engagement, Laurent Pécheux (1729 1821, French) painted this portrait of Maria Luisa (Figure 8.18) in 1765 for Princess Maria Luisa fiancé’s family.

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Royal  marriages  were  intended  to  foster  al-legiances  and  cement  alliances.  The  bride  and  groom generally did not meet one another until after  lengthy  negotiations  were  completed  and  the  wedding  date  was  near.  It  was  not  uncom-mon  for  portraits  of  the  prospective  couple  to  be  exchanged;  in  addition  to  the  descriptions  by the negotiators and others, an artist’s repre-sentation  was  the only  way  to  learn  what  one’s  possible spouse looked like at a time when jour-neys  were  not  easily  or  quickly  undertaken.

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Maria Luisa of Parma was a member of the highest circles of European royalty. Born in 1751, she was the youngest daughter of Phillip, Duke of Parma, Italy, and his wife, Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV. In 1765, she married Charles IV, Prince of Asturias.  She was  the  Queen  consort  of  Spain from 1788, when her husband ascended to the throne, until 1808, when King Charles IV abdicated his throne under pressure from Napoleon.

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Social psychological research indicates that people who are affiliated with groups are psychologically stronger and better able to cope when faced with stressful situations.

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History suggests that the quality of human survival is best when humans function as a group, allowing for tollective support and interaction.

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In classical art, gender qualities associated with women are beauty, domesticity, and passivity and for males the contrary principles such as power, dominance, and social status.

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One important aspect of the cultural and ethnic identity is shared histories or common memories.

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Genealogical websites have proliferated and special television programs are devoted to the subject.

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One of the most important themes emerging from the last century has been the individual´s search for identity,

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Artists of the period exemplified the Romantic values of the expression of the artists’ feelings, personal imagination, and creative experimentation as opposed to accepting tradition or popular mass opinion. Artists in the period broke traditional rules; indeed, they considered it desirable to break the rules and overthrow tradition.

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During the Romantic period of the late eighteenth century until around 1850, artists, writers, and composers were associated with individualism and with working alone; this trend continued to develop up until recent times.