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Forebrain structure below the hypothalmus

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-Growth
-Prolactin
-Oxytocin storage
-various hormones that stimulate other glands

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The pituitary gland regulates growth, breast milk production, childbirth, bonding, and communicates to other glands to release hormones.

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Extremes in height

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Melatonin

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The pineal gland regulates seasonal and sleep cycles. Melatonin concentrations fluctuate daily with higher levels at night causing drowsiness.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

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-Thyroxine
-Calcitonin
-Parathyrin

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The thyroid controls metabolism or the rate at which glucose is converted to energy. Together the parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood.

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-Hypothyrodism (underactive gland)
-Hyperthyroidism (overactive gland)

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-Cortisol
-Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

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The adrenal glands are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system's flight-or-fight reaction, which increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels to respond to a threat.

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Excessive sympathetic nervous system activity can compromise the immune system

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-Insulin
-Glucagon

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The pancreas regulates sugar metabolism

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-Diabetes
-Low blood sugar

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Testes
Ovaries

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-Androgens
-testosterone
-Estrogen
-Progesterone

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The gonads allow for sexual reproduction.

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-Reproductive difficulties
-Higher levels of testosterone are correlated with increased aggression