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The musculoskeletal system is a system that plays a role in supporting, protecting, and moving the body. The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles, which form the framework for the body. Its main function is to support the body, allow movement, and protect vital organs. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton.
The skeleton is divided into the:

·   Axial skeleton – comprising the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage;
·   Appendicular skeleton – consisting of the pelvic and pectoral girdles, and the upper and lower limbs.

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Osteomalacia is a disease with multiple etiologies primarily related to abnormal metabolism of vitamin D and secondarily to calcium and phosphate metabolism. Of the many causes, by far the most important relate to dietary vitamin D deficiency and the activation of vitamin D precursors by the kidney and sunlight. Osteomalacia is characterized pathophysiologically by a failure of normal mineralization of bone and epiphyseal cartilage and clinically by the skeletal deformity. Osteomalacia occurs in adults after the closure of the epiphyses, and its manifestations are often much less prominent.

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Often in the early stages, there aren’t any symptoms. Although signs of osteomalacia might show on an X-ray or other diagnostic tests. As osteomalacia progresses, it might develop bone pain and muscle weakness. However, as the condition progresses, osteomalacia can cause:

·   pain felt in the bones and joints

·   muscle pain and weakness, particularly following exercise

·   bones that break more easily, particularly those in the hips, lower back, and feet

·   difficulty walking and a change in how you walk – possibly with a waddle

·   muscle cramps

·   pins and needles in the hands and feet because of low calcium levels.

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Because it doesn’t always cause symptoms, it’s common for people to have osteomalacia for two or three years before it’s diagnosed. A simple blood test is all that’s needed to make the diagnosis – the levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D are easily measured.

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The risk of developing osteomalacia is highest in people who don't get enough dietary vitamin D and have little sun exposure, such as older adults and those who are housebound or hospitalized. If you have osteomalacia, you're more likely to break bones, particularly those in your ribs, spine and legs.

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Treatment of osteomalacia is primarily preventive and a balanced daily diet helps to prevent calcium deficiency. Patients suffering from osteomalacia can take vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate supplements, depending on the individual case. One possible way to get vitamin D levels is through exposure to sunlight, the biological help of the body that contains this vitamin. Increased sun exposure is often recommended for people with osteomalacia. Treatment of this disease is normal. One or more doses of vitamin D should be given and then daily supplementation (800-1000 IU/day).

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If osteomalacia stems from not getting enough vitamin D, you can treat it by getting more in your diet through certain foods and supplements. it's like cereals, cheese, egg, fish (tuna, salmon, swordfish, sardines), liver, milk, orange juice (fortified with vitamin D), yogurt.

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If the osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency, a dose of 800-4000 IU/day is recommended, in addition to maintaining an intake of 1,000-2,000 mg/day. If the body absorbs vitamin D, doctors need to treat the cause, if possible. You will also need to take calcium and vitamin D in larger doses than the normal daily recommendation. To treat broken bones or deformed bones due to osteomalacia, your doctor will give you a brace to wear. If the problem is severe, you may need surgery.

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What Should We Do to Having a Healthy Bone?

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What Should We Do to Having a Healthy Bone?

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having a diet rich in vitamin D and calcium

getting a healthy amount of sunshine

only drinking alcohol in moderation

not smoking

exercising regularly

maintaining a healthy weight.

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Jadvar, Hossein, et al. "Musculoskeletal system." Seminars in nuclear medicine. Vol. 34. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2004.

Mayo Clinic. Osteomalacia: symptoms and causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomalacia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355514. Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2022

Versus Arthritis. Osteomalacia. https://www.versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteomalacia/. Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2022