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1.1 Ancestors Woshipping
1.2 Nature Worship
1.3 Charms and Amulets
1.3.1 Komburongo
1.4 Dreams
1.5 Shamanism
1.5.1 Bobolian
1.5.2 Bobolian Ritual

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Penan animism involves a strong connection with the natural environment and a belief in the existence of various spirits, including ancestral spirits, nature spirits, and spirits of the dead. They believe that these spirits can influence daily life, and it is essential to maintain a harmonious relationship with them.

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The Murut believe that all living and non-living things have a spirit, and they often perform rituals to appease these spirits. They also believe in the existence of supernatural beings like demons, ghosts, and ancestral spirits.

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One of the most notable aspects of Melanau beliefs is their strong connection to the spirit world. They believe that everything in the natural world has a spirit, including rocks, trees, animals, and even inanimate objects. They also believe that the spirits of their ancestors continue to watch over and protect them, and they often perform rituals and ceremonies to honor and communicate with these spirits.

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The Kedayan people believe in the existence of spirits in the natural world, such as trees, rocks, rivers, and mountains. They believe that these spirits can influence their lives and offer protection or bring harm.

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The Penan also believe in the power of dreams and visions, which they interpret as messages from the spirit world. They use a variety of divination methods, such as reading animal entrails or interpreting the patterns of leaves or sticks, to gain insights into their future or to seek guidance from the spirits.

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Many Murut have converted to Christianity, and the religion has become an important part of their culture. However, even those who are Christian often continue to practice animism alongside their new beliefs.

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The ritual of Pisak Lukan involves a replica statue resembling a human, made of bamboo, and must be accompanied by singing so that the spirit of the deceased can enter the body of the bamboo statue and move the statue on its own.

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Majority of the Kedayan people are Muslim, and Islam has had a significant impact on their culture and beliefs. They believe in the one God, Allah, and follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.

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The Bisaya people in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia, share many beliefs and practices that are deeply rooted in their animistic culture and heritage.

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The Murut place great importance on their ancestors and believe that they can communicate with them through rituals and offerings.

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They also believe in the importance of honoring their ancestors, who are seen as guardians and protectors. They often perform rituals and ceremonies to show respect and seek blessings from their ancestors.

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The Penan have a rich oral tradition, and their myths and legends explain the origins of the world, the relationships between humans and spirits, and the significance of important cultural practices such as hunting and gathering. They also have a strong belief in the power of storytelling which known as tosok, which is used to preserve their culture and pass on their traditions from one generation to the next.

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Another important aspect of Melanau beliefs is their connection to the sea. The Melanau people have a strong tradition of fishing, and they believe that the sea is a powerful and sacred entity that should be respected and revered. They often perform rituals and ceremonies to ensure a good catch and to protect themselves from the dangers of the sea.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Traditional healers, known as bobolian, play an important role in Murut society. They are believed to have the ability to communicate with spirits and perform rituals to heal the sick or protect against evil spirits.

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The Kedayan people believe in the existence of supernatural powers, such as bomohs (shamans) and jinns (spirits). They believe that these powers can be used for both good and evil, and can be harnessed through certain rituals and practices.

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2.1 Animism
2.2 Islam
2.3 Ancestors Worshipping
2.4 Supernatural Beliefs
2.5 Power of Traditional Medicine
2.5.1 Ilmu Sakral Kaum Kedayan

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The Bisaya people believe that their ancestors continue to exist in the spirit world and can offer guidance and protection to their living descendants. They often offer prayers and offerings to their ancestors during important occasions, such as weddings, funerals, and harvest festivals.

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3.1 Supernatural Beliefs
3.2 Pisak Lukan
3.2.1 Ritual of Pisak Lukan
3.3 Nature Worship
3.4 Power of Traditional Medicine
3.4.1 Herbs or Plants Used for Medicine

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4.1 Animism
4.2 Christianity
4.3 Ancestors Worshipping
4.4 Shamanism
4.5 Rituals
4.5.1 Headhunting (Antaboh)
4.5.2 Murut's Headhunters

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5.1 Animism
5.2 Dreams and Visions
5.3 Oral Traditions

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6.0 REFLECTIVE WRITING ON CULTURAL MINDFULNESS

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6.0 REFLECTIVE WRITING ON CULTURAL MINDFULNESS

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They also believe that the natural world is inhabited by a range of spirits, including the spirits of trees, rocks, rivers, and mountains. Based on their beliefs, these spirits can be appeased or angered, and that it is important to show respect and gratitude to them.

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They use various plants and herbs to treat a wide range of ailments, and they believe that the healing power of these natural remedies comes from the spirits that inhabit them.

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The Murut perform a number of rituals throughout the year to mark important events such as harvests, weddings, and funerals. These rituals often involve offerings to spirits and ancestors, and are seen as a way to maintain harmony with the natural world.

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Kedayan people believe that certain plants have the power to heal both physical and spiritual ailments. Traditional healers, called bomohs or dukuns, play an important role in prescribing specific plants or herbal remedies to treat various ailments. The use of medicinal plants is closely tied to animistic beliefs and traditional healing practices.

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The Bisaya people believe in the power of charms and amulets to protect themselves from harm and bring good fortune. They often wear or carry such items with them for protection.

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This article discusses various aspects of Bisaya culture, including their spiritual beliefs, cosmology, and social organization. It also explores the role of traditional healers and other cultural specialists, such as the Bobolian and the Taguk, in Bisaya society.

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The Bisaya people believe that dreams can offer important messages and insights from the spirit world. They often pay close attention to their dreams and interpret them as a way of understanding their own lives and the world around them.

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Headhunting (Antaboh) was a traditional practice among some indigenous communities in Borneo, including the Murut people. It involved taking the heads of enemies to show bravery and honor, and the Murut people believed it gave them power and protected their communities. It was associated with war and had spiritual significance. However, headhunting is no longer practiced by the Murut people, and their culture has changed over time.

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Some of the commonly used herbs include Solanum torvum (bunga terung) for stomach problems, Averrhoa bilimbi (belimbing buluh) for coughs and high blood pressure, Lemongrass for calming and stomach issues, Labisia pumila (kacip fatimah) for menstrual and menopause symptoms, and Turmeric for inflammation, fever, and stomach problems. These remedies are still used alongside modern medical practices.

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The Bisaya people believe in the existence of magic and sorcery, and that certain individuals possess the ability to use these powers for good or evil. They often seek out such individuals for help with various problems or to protect themselves from harm.

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The Bobolian play an important role in Bisaya society and are believed to have the ability to communicate with the spirit world and perform rituals to heal the sick or protect against harm. They often use a variety of tools and techniques in their healing practices, such as herbal remedies, chanting, and divination.

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#21: The Last Headhunters of Borneo (A Day in the Life of the Murut)