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Muhammad Abduh born 570-632 was an Islamic reformer, jurist, and distinguished scholar whose impact significantly influenced current Islamic philosophy. He earned his bachelor's degree from Al-Azhar University, where he discovered and became a disciple of reformist theologian and activist Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. 'Abduh was a teacher via the Ministry of Education, and after Afghani's political exile from Egypt, he was forced to retire early before being appointed to edit al-Waqa'i al-Misriyya, a renowned Egyptian newspaper. As editor, he challenged Egypt's government and colonial administration; his nationalist beliefs drove him into exile in Beirut in 1882, then to Paris, where he joined Afghani. They established al-'Urwa al-Wuthqa' (The Strongest Link) and a newspaper of the same name, which they used to criticize the government.

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One of Muhammed's most revolutionary teachings earning him the name of "founder of Islam" is based on Islam as a religion as a whole, and its religious principles. In Arabic, Islam implies "surrender, submission, commitment, and peace." As a result, Islam might be regarded as a path to absolute tranquility by voluntary submission to the divine or almighty will. Islam is a monotheistic religion focused on the belief in a single God, known as Allah. In this regard, it shares beliefs with both Judaism and Christianity. The basic components of Islam include belief in a single God (Allah), belief in Angels, and belief in holy scriptures revealed to all prophets, including but not limited to the Torah revealed to Moses, the Bible revealed to Jesus, and the Qur'an (Koran) revealed to Muhammad. Belief in all of God's prophets, such as Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Although Muslims believe in Isa or Jesus, they don't view Jesus as God's Son in the identical sense that Christians do. Lastly, Belief in divine will. This indicates that although God is all-powerful and nothing is able to occur without his consent, he has allowed us the option to choose whether to be good or evil. Everyone will be questioned about how they conducted their lives in the afterlife. Although Muslims believe in Isa or Jesus, they do not consider him as God's Son in the exact manner that Christians do. Finally, faith in divine will. This means that, while God is all-powerful and nothing can occur without his approval, he has given us the ability to choose whether to be good or evil. In the afterlife, everyone will be questioned about how they have lived their lives.

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Is it true that everything in this world is relative, such as motion, rest, space, speed, direction, light, force, energy, matter, love, hatred, caring, compassion, lying, truth, and that only Allah (God) is absolute?

How would Muhammed explain the certainty of eternal life for those who believe in Allah, and what would he guide his followers to do in order to achieve this?

How would Muhammed explain the absoluteness of Allah's (Gods) divine will?

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"To reflect on the essence of the Creator ... is forbidden to the human intellect because of the severance of all relation between the two existences." -Muhammed Abduh

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Looking at the Surah Fatir passage in the Quran made me realize that this passage in particular does an amazing job of describing the tone of the religion itself. It uses a tone of both kindness and generosity and trust in Allah, but to those who do not believe, a tone of fear and warning. I can definitely see the ties and similarities between Islam and Christianity from the tone alone, as both share the concept of one God and hell for those who refuse to believe, but kindness and generosity on the other for those who follow the "true path" in these religions. The passage also takes the opportunity to reinforce the fundamental beliefs of Islam in a simple and direct manner.

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The following is a summarized version of the Surah Fatir, a passage in the Quran that was given to and written by Muhammed by Allah in the religion of Islam.

Allah is the originator and creator of the earth we walk on and the heaven in the sky. His messengers are angels with wings, Allah is capable of all, and he is the all-mighty and all-wise. He is the one who sends rain from the sky, the one who creates the mountains and the land we walk on. He is the all-forgiving, and those who follow and recite the book of Allah, can hope for his blessings in an exchange that shalt not fail them. Those who do not believe, will face the fires of hell where they will suffer in eternity, as Allah says.

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Muhammad 'Abduh | Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School
Middle Ages Timeline | Timetoast timelines
Icon - Islam Symbol PNG – Stunning free transparent png clipart images free download (flyclipart.com)
Islam: Basic Beliefs | URI
3D model Quran Muslim Bible Book - Cover v1 VR / AR / low-poly | CGTrader
Muhammad Abduh quote: To reflect on the essence of the Creator ... is forbidden to the human inte (inspiringquotes.us)
Surah Fatir - 1-45 - Quran.com
QUOTES BY MUHAMMAD ABDUH | A-Z Quotes (azquotes.com)
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