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Pergamon Museum - The Panorama, Am Kupfergraben, Berlin, Germany

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Pergamon Museum - The Panorama, Am Kupfergraben, Berlin, Germany

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Pergamon Museum - The Panorama, Am Kupfergraben, Berlin, Germany

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Pergamon was founded in the 3rd century BC as the capital of the Attalid dynasty. Located in the Aegean Region, the heart of the Antique World, and at the crossroads between Europe and the Middle East, it became an important cultural, scientific and political centre.

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Athens has been continuously inhabited for over 3,000 years, becoming the leading city of Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC; its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of western civilization. Its infrastructure is exemplar to the ancient Greek infrastructure.

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Veii was the greatest centre for the fabrication of terra-cotta sculptures in Etruria in the 6th century BCE. The town had hegemony over Rome in the 7th and 6th centuries; but a subsequent series of wars eventually ended in its destruction.

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Before the rise of ancient Rome, Carthage was the most powerful city in the region because of its proximity to trade routes and its impressive harbor on the Mediterranean. At the height of its power, Carthage was the center of the Phoenician trade network.

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Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today.

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Egypt thrived for thousands of years (from c. 8000 BCE to c. 30 BCE) as an independent nation whose culture was famous for great cultural advances in every area of human knowledge, from the arts to science to technology and religion.

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The region of Asia Minor is regarded as the birthplace of coinage and the first to use coined money in trade; which of the kingdoms were the first to do this, however, is much disputed.

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The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.

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Ancient Macedon was renowned for its military might. Phillip II introduced a new kind of infantry known as the Macedonian phalanx, in which each soldier carried a long spear (called a sarissa) that was approximately 13 to 20 feet long.

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Spain and Portugal occupy the Iberian Peninsula, which is separated at its southern tip from North Africa by only a narrow strait situated at the juncture of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. This key geographical position played an important part in Iberia's history.

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Etruria Relais and Wine, Via Etruria, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

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Etruria Relais and Wine, Via Etruria, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

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Etruria Relais and Wine, Via Etruria, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

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The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Much of its culture and even history was either obliterated or assimilated into that of its conqueror, Rome

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Sardinia had a special position because it was central in the Western Mediterranean between Carthage, Spain, the river Rhône and the Etruscan civilization area. The mining area of the Iglesiente was important for the metals lead and zinc.

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The location of the island between the Italian mainland to the east, the Gallic mainland to the north, and Sardinia to the south, made Corsica an important strategic point for control of the western Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, the island was a significant hub of Mediterranean trade.

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Sicily was inhabited 10,000 years ago. Its strategic location at the centre of the Mediterranean has made the island a crossroads of history, a pawn of conquest and empire, and a melting pot for a dozen or more ethnic groups whose warriors or merchants sought its shores.

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The Black Sea is an important year-round transportation artery, linking the eastern European countries with world markets.

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The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world's most culturally important bodies of water and for centuries, it has been the home and primary source of food for millions of people.As a result of its location between Africa, Asia and Europe, it is a primary trade route.

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The Danube provides an important source of water for agriculture and drinking, and it allows for transportation of people and goods over much of Central and Eastern Europe.

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The Tiber provided a source of fresh water to Romans and was also an important route for trade and transportation. Ancient Rome began as a small settlement in the middle of the Italian peninsula.

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The Rubicon is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just north of Rimini. Famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC.

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Po River Valley, Sabbioneta, Province of Mantua, Italy

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Po River Valley, Sabbioneta, Province of Mantua, Italy

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Po River Valley, Sabbioneta, Province of Mantua, Italy

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The Po is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps. It runs through Italy, Switzerland, and France.