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Parasympathetic Nervous System: Specific Drug Examples

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Parasympathetic Nervous System: Specific Drug Examples

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Anticholinergic:
generic- dicylomine
brand- Bentyl (r-symbol)

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agents:
generic- pilocarpine
brand- Pilocar

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agents:
generic- neostigmine
brand- Prostigmin

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Parasympathetic Nervous System: Vagus Nerve

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Parasympathetic Nervous System: Vagus Nerve

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-10th cranial nerve
-extends to larynx, pharynx, lungs, heart, blood vessels, and digestive organs
-slower heart rate, lower blood pressure, more active GI

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2 categories:
Parasympathomimetics: promotes parasympathetic response
Parasymphatolytics: against parasympathetic response, anticholinergic

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: muscunaric receptors, acts like Ach for miosis

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Nm/N2 receptors, blocks acetylcholinerase

Anticholinergic: inhibits/slows down processes, cholinergic receptors

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Parasympathetic Nervous System: End Organ Responses

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Parasympathetic Nervous System: End Organ Responses

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-miosis
-bronchoconstriction
-more digestion
-contracted urinary bladder
-more urination and waste removal (feces)
-lower heart rate

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Muscanaric: cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands

Nicotinic 1 (Nn): at ganglia (synapse)

Nicotinic 2 (Nm): somatic, neuromuscular junction (skeletal)

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Acetylcholine- cholinergic ("rest and digest") and located at ganglion and postganlionic nerve endings

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
generic: ephedrine, phenlyephrine
brand: Neo-Synephrine

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers:
generic: terazosin
brand: Hytrin (R-trademark symbol)

Nonselective Beta Blockers:
generic: timolol
brand: Blocadren

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Drug Classification 

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Drug Classification 

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2 general categories: sympathomimetics and sympatholytics
Sympathomimetics- copy sympathetic nervous system
Sympatholytics- inhibit sympathetic response

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists: alpha 1 receptor stimulated causing contraction of smooth muscles, increase blood pressure

Adrenergic Agonists: all alpha and beta receptors involved, increases blood pressure, cardiac stimulant, bronchodilator

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs: blocks alpha-1 receptors, to decrease blood pressure and relax smooth muscle and ureters (increased urination)

Beta Adrenergic Agonists:
low dose: dopaminergic receptors (kidney), vasodilation and higher blood flow

medium dose: beta-1 receptors, affects heart, increasing cardiac output and contraction

high dose: alpha-1 receptors, causes vasoconstriction leading to higher blood pressure

Beta Adrenergic Agonists: beta-2 receptors, relates smooth muscle in lungs and uterus

Selective Beta-1 Blockers: blocks beta-1 receptors, decreases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, and force of contraction

Nonselective Beta-1 Receptors: blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, lower cardiac output leading to decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, lower force of contraction

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Sympathetic Nervous System: End Organ Responses

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Sympathetic Nervous System: End Organ Responses

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-Adrenal medulla releases EPI and NE
-Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
-Increased heart rate
-Decrease urination
-Urinary sphincter relaxed

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alpha 1: smooth muscles, glands, eyes, and blood vessels

alpha 2: smooth muscle

beta 1: the heart

beta 2: smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters 

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters 

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Also referred to as adrenergic system.

4 neurotransmitters: epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine

Acetylcholine (Ach)- released from ganglia of presynaptic nerve endings, cholinergic

Norepinephrine (NE)- derived from dopamine, released at postganglionic nerve-endings by adrenal medulla and neurons, adrenergic

Epinephrine (EPI)- works with adrenergic receptors, made by adrenal medulla

Dopamine (DA)- released before norepinephrine, stimulates receptors (alpha and beta)

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2 divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic nervous system: "fight or flight", adrenergic

Parasympathetic nervous system: "rest and digest", cholinergic