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These reports unpack the impacts of technology and digital innovations on human rights in the Philippines.

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These reports unpack the impacts of technology and digital innovations on human rights in the Philippines.

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Let us know your thoughts about the reports through this form

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How did you find out about the State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2021? You can select all that apply.

Through email Saw FMA's social media posts Through FMA Newsletters (Digital Rights Roundup, Gender Scoop, ID Watch, others) Saw an organization's or individual's social media post about it Visited FMA's website Saw it through another organization's website Through a messaging chat (group chat, etc.)

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Which thematic area did you like or find the most interesting? You can select multiple options.

The State of the Philippine's Internet Freedom Gender and Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) Privacy and Data Protection Freedom of Expression and Information Disorder

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Digital Rights Report 2021 Feedback Form

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Please click the link to complete this form.

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This report is a documentation of what transpired in 2020, specifically how human rights were impacted by technology and digital innovations in the Philippines. The year 2020 was definitely unique given the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought about tremendous change throughout the globe. Effects from the pandemic as well as other events, be it a natural disaster like the Taal eruption to the destructive typhoon Ulysses or man-made crisis such as the ABS-CBN shutdown and the infodemic, really made the year that was a particularly challenging year for many.

And this is why it is crucial that Filipinos, who have come to rely on the Internet and technology for work, school, connecting with loved ones, getting life-saving information this pandemic, will need to be aware of their rights as digital citizens. While this report does not aim to be the end-all and be-all of digital rights, we hope to make this a way to raise awareness of the Philippines' digital environment and the issues and innovations that impact us not only online, but also offline. It may seem simplistic to say that "digital rights are human rights" but this is the message we want many Filipinos to understand.

In a nutshell, our objectives in writing this report are:

To document the current events and issues which affect digital rights (and human rights) in the Philippines

To see the trends and themes in specified key areas of digital rights and issues

To raise awareness on emerging issues as seen in the scoping or the trends

We structured the report by beginning with an overview of the digital environment in the Philippines in 2020 before delving into the impact of technology on human rights: the key events, challenges and accomplishments, then a forecast of 2021 and 2022.

These are divided into the following key thematic areas:

Internet Access

Gender and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs)

Privacy and Data Protection

Freedom of Expression

This report is based on the Foundation for Media Alternatives' (FMA) monitoring of situations where technology impacted human rights in the country. It covers the months of January to December 2020, and the analysis and scoping is conducted using secondary resources such as news articles, press releases and reports. These reference materials were selected based on the subject matter and also on their credibility. We also included inputs based on the meetings, activities, and discussions with partners and stakeholders on digital rights issues, challenges, and accomplishments.

Lastly, we provided a forecast of what we think are the emerging events and challenges due to technology in 2021.

Publication date: March 2021
DOWNLOAD: State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2020

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State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2020 - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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This report is a documentation of what transpired in 2020, specifically how human rights were impacted by technology and digital innovations in the Philippines. The year 2020 was definitely unique given the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought about tremendous change throughout the globe.

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This report is a documentation of what transpired in 2021, specifically how human rights were impacted by technology and digital innovations in the Philippines. While we continue to experience life under the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, we also see new challenges and events such as the emergence of COVID-19 variants, spotty and slow vaccination rollout in the country, the start of the election fever, and more.

It still holds that Filipinos continue to rely on the Internet and technology for work, school, connecting with loved ones, as well as for getting timely information and news updates. Reports and surveys show the continued rise of digital use and logging into social media platforms for these activities.

But with another pandemic year, have Filipinos become aware of their rights as digital citizens? Are we also prepared to select the next leaders of the country who will be mindful of our digital rights, or at least how to address digital issues such as inaccessibility, attacks on our freedom of expression online, online gender based violence, privacy and data protection, and cybercrime and cyberthreats? What is the "new normal" after almost 2 years after a major upheaval into our lives: Is it a continued movement between offline and online spaces for our everyday activities?

While this report does not aim to be the end-all and be-all of digital rights, the Foundation of Media Alternatives (FMA) hopes to increase awareness on the Philippines' digital environment and the issues and innovations that impact us not only online, but also offline. It may seem simplistic to say that "digital rights are human rights" but this is the message we want many Filipinos to understand.

In a nutshell, our objectives in writing this report are:

To document the current events and issues which affect digital rights (and human rights) in the Philippines through providing a curation of essays, reports and articles that FMA has created during the year;

To see the trends and themes in specified key areas of digital rights and issues; and

To raise awareness on emerging issues as seen in the scoping or the trends.

For 2021, we structured the report by collecting key articles and essays FMA has created during the year and organized these under these key thematic areas:

Internet Freedom

Gender and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs)

Privacy and Data Protection

Information Disorder

This report is based on FMA's monitoring of situations where technology impacted human rights in the country. It covers the months of January to December 2021, and the analysis and scoping is conducted using secondary resources such as news articles, press releases and reports-especially those featured in the Digital Rights Roundup, a bimonthly curated reading list in collaboration with the UP Internet Freedom Network (UP INTERNET). These reference materials were selected based on the subject matter and also on their credibility. We also included inputs based on the meetings, activities, and discussions with partners and stakeholders on digital rights issues, challenges, and accomplishments.

Lastly, we provided a forecast of what we think are the emerging events and challenges due to technology and upcoming events in 2022.

Publication date: March 2022
DOWNLOAD: State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2021

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State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2021 - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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This report is a documentation of what transpired in 2021, specifically how human rights were impacted by technology and digital innovations in the Philippines. While we continue to experience life under the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, we also see new challenges and events such as the emergence of COVID-19 variants, spotty and slow vaccination rollout in the country, the start of the election fever, and more.

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The podcast series explores the intersection between technology and human rights through conversations with various experts and resource speakers.

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The podcast series explores the intersection between technology and human rights through conversations with various experts and resource speakers.

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...Opening Spotify...

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...Opening Spotify...

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Episode 0: Human Rights in a Digital World

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. Get to know the initiatives of the Foundation for Media Alternatives in pushing for human rights in a digital world. FMA Executive Director Lisa Garcia and program officers Thina Lopez and Jessamine Pacis will give us an overview of FMA's various desks and programs, as well as its work through the years.

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Kasarian, Komiks, At Internet? Ano'ng Konek? 

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Kasarian, Komiks, At Internet? Ano'ng Konek? 

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...Opening Spotify...

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Episode 1: Kasarian, Komiks, at Internet? Ano'ng Konek? (ft. Marian Hukom)

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. In this episode, FMA's Program Officer for Gender and ICTs Thina Lopez and Feminist Comics Artist Marian Hukom join us in a discussion on the intersection of gender, arts, and emerging issues on the use of the Internet, especially for the vulnerable sectors.

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Gendered Disinformation at Karapatan ng mga Kababaihan, Ano'ng Konek?

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Gendered Disinformation at Karapatan ng mga Kababaihan, Ano'ng Konek?

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...Opening Spotify...

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Episode 2: Gendered Disinformation at Karapatan ng mga Kababaihan, ano'ng konek?

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. NEW PODCAST EPISODE ALERT! ✨🎧 In this Episode, FMA partnered with Plan International and UP Journalism Professor Diosa Labiste to discuss about Gendered Disinformation, its manifestations, and the harm it causes to victims. Jessica and Dorothy, both advocates of gender equality from Plan International, bravely shared their own encounters with disinformation and its effects to young girls like them.

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"Lapagan": Capturing 'Digital Voyeurism' With PH Laws

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"Lapagan": Capturing 'Digital Voyeurism' With PH Laws

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...Opening Spotify...

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Episode 3: "LAPAGAN": Capturing 'Digital Voyeurism' with PH Laws with Atty. Alex Castro of Youth Against Sexual Harassment

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. The discussion aims to help provide information about the laws that can be used to pursue legal action against non-consensual use of intimate images (NCII) and its perpetrators.

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Impact Of SIM Card Registration on Women's Rights 

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Impact Of SIM Card Registration on Women's Rights 

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...Opening Spotify...

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Impact of SIM Card Registration on Women's Rights [TwitterSpaces]

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. Have you read yet about the harms of the SIM card registration bill? We spoke with Jelen Paclarin of the Women's Legal and Human Rights Bureau - WLB, Naomi Fontanos of GANDA Filipinas, and Jessamine Pacis of FMA Privacy Program to know more about why the bill also poses harm to women's rights.

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Halalan At Kababaihan: Tungo sa Mapaglaya at Ligtas na Internet

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Halalan At Kababaihan: Tungo sa Mapaglaya at Ligtas na Internet

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...Opening Spotify...

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Halalan at Kababaihan: Tungo sa Mapagpalaya at Ligtas na Internet

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Listen to this episode from Ano'ng Konek? on Spotify. We only have 1 week and 3 days before the Election Day and as we prepare for the upcoming election, the Foundation for Media Alternatives is organizing an online event titled "Halalan at Kababaihan: Tungo sa Mapagpalaya at Ligtas na Internet" on April 29, 2022 at 2PM via Zoom and FB Live.

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Social Media Policies for Fair Elections

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Social Media Policies for Fair Elections

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...Opening Spotify...

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Social Media Policies for Fair Elections (featuring Sei Salvador, Twitter Asia-Pacific Public Policy and Partnership Lead-Philippines)

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In a few days time, the Philippines is set to hold its national elections. Filipinos will be voting for their next President and Vice President, as well as new members of Congress, and local officials. This is the first time that the Philippines will be holding its elections during the COVID-19 pand…

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An online publication that provides an overview of privacy and data protection issues and events. This recent Exposé focuses on privacy and data protection issues amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.

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An online publication that provides an overview of privacy and data protection issues and events. This recent Exposé focuses on privacy and data protection issues amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.

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EXPOSÉ is an online publication of the Foundation for Media Alternatives that aims to take on current privacy and data protection issues and events in the Philippine context. In this maiden issue, privacy and data protection issues surfaced or highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic take center stage.

Publication date: July 2021

EXPOSE Magazine – Vol1-2021 Download

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EXPOSÉ: Data Rights in the time of COVID-19 - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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EXPOSÉ is an online publication of the Foundation for Media Alternatives that aims to take on current privacy and data protection issues and events in the Philippine context. In this maiden issue, privacy and data Read more…

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FMA is a contributor and partner community to Rappler. Here are some of FMA's recent articles. 

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FMA is a contributor and partner community to Rappler. Here are some of FMA's recent articles. 

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Featured

Foundation for Media Alternatives

Contributor

On March 8th, Women Clamor for a Progressive and Pro-Women Government

In observance of March 8th this year, women’s groups clamored for leaders who will promote women’s rights, reject misogyny, as

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GenderScoop: Monthly digest on gender & ICT in the Philippines

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GenderScoop: Monthly digest on gender & ICT in the Philippines

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This year, the Foundation for Media Alternatives (FMA) launched GenderScoop, an e-bulletin initiative about developments on issues that impact Filipino women's access and use of ICT and the internet. Among others, GenderScoop delves into online gender-based violence (OGBV), gender digital divide, and feminist principles of the internet (FPI).

Online gender-based violence (OGBV)

OGBV is defined as "acts of gender-based violence that are committed, abetted or aggravated, in part or fully, by the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as mobile phones, the internet, social media platforms, and email." ( p. 3, Association for Progressive Communications, 2017). GenderScoop includes topics on online sexual harassment, discriminatory speech, non-consensual use of private information, among others. (See: 13 Manifestations of Online Gender-based Violence).

Gender digital divide

Gender inequalities reflect in women's access and use of ICT or lack thereof. Guided by the REACT framework by the Web Foundation, GenderScoop looks into developments on barriers to Filipino women's connectivity, gender gaps in digital literacy, accessibility and relevance of online content to women users, and actions to address all these by governing bodies and concerned agencies and institutions.

Feminist Principles of the Internet

The FPI are a series of declarations that "offer a gender and sexual rights lens on critical internet-related rights" (See: FPI Website). FPI serves as a backbone to articulate and explore the relationship of gender and the internet. The principles are a result of a global conversation held by women's rights advocates in 2014 where a "feminist internet" was collectively imagined and discussed. A total of 17 principles organized in 5 clusters (see below) will underscore GenderScoop's updates on FPI.

Access cluster: Access * Information * Usage
Movement cluster: Resistance * Movement-building * Governance
Economy cluster: Economy * Open source
Expression cluster: Amplify * Expression * Pornography
Embodiment cluster: Consent * Privacy & Data * Memory * Anonymity * Children * Violence

Check GenderScoop's first issue here. Here are the past issues:
The April issue will be out today.

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GenderScoop: Monthly digest on gender & ICT in the Philippines

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This year, the Foundation for Media Alternatives (FMA) launched GenderScoop, an e-bulletin initiative about developments on issues that impact Filipino women's access and use of ICT and the internet. Among others, GenderScoop delves into online gender-based violence (OGBV), gender digital divide, and feminist principles of the internet (FPI).

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On March 8th, Women Clamor for a Progressive and Pro-Women Government

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On March 8th, Women Clamor for a Progressive and Pro-Women Government

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In observance of March 8th this year, women's groups clamored for leaders who will promote women's rights, reject misogyny, as well as advance the successes and continuing struggles of Filipino women, especially those in the basic sectors. The call was made with the May 9th national elections fast approaching.

Close to a hundred women in purple shirts-and belonging to organizations of farmers, workers, overseas and migrant Filipino women, women survivors of violence, as well as indigenous women, and women's rights and health advocates-handed roses to women at the Kamuning market, March 8. Through their main slogan "Not to Marcos, No to Duterte," women leaders and members of the World March of Women - Pilipinas appealed to Filipino women to reject authoritarian candidates and choose pro-women leaders.

Photo from Jean Enriquez' Facebook post

Jean Enriquez, National Coordinator of the World March of Women and Executive Director of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women - Asia Pacific (CATW-AP) said that "Pro-women vote means rejecting a leadership that has a history of orchestrating killings and abuse of women, such as those of the Marcoses and Dutertes." She added that pro-women leadership "truly takes to heart the interests of women, including their aspiration to be free from all forms of sexual violence."

Women in the labor sector meanwhile emphasized the need for a leader who not only can provide work opportunities and social security to women unlike the current President who did not fulfill his promise to end contractualization. They call for for a leader who also carries a feminist perspective that will help advance the movement to build a world where there will be gender equality.

" Pinapalala ng patriyarkal na pamamahala ang karahasang nararanasan ng mga kababaihan. Patunay diyan ang naging pamamaraan ng pamumuno ni Pangulong Duterte at ng diktador na si Ferdinand Marcos. Libo-libo ang naging biktima ng kanilang machong pulitika na hindi naman natugunan ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng mga mamamayan. Klaro na hindi kamay na bakal ang solusyon sa problema ng kababaihan sa tahanan, pagawaan, at komunidad. Sa halip, peminista ang klase ng pamumuno na kailangan natin upang maresolba ang ating mga problema at makalikha ng isang lipunang kumikilala sa pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga kasarian. Kailangan natin ng mga peministang lider na makababae at makamanggagawa, dahil alam natin na girantiya ito ng paggalang sa sa karapatan ng mga mamamayan," said Jane Labongray of SENTRO. (Women suffered more violence under the patriarchal leadership of the Duterte government, not different from that during the authoritarian rule of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. What we need is a leader with a feminist perspective who will be pro-women, pro-women workers, and will guarantee our human rights)

Photo from Jean Enriquez' Facebook post

" Pantay na oportunidad sa disenteng trabaho na may kaakibat na panlipunang serbisyo para sa childcare at pangangalaga ng matatanda at may kapansanan, at totoong universal healthcare ang panawagan ng kababaihang manggagawa at maralita sa Pandaigdigang Araw ng Kababaihan. HIndi magkakaroon ng totoong pagka-pantay sa lipunan hangga't walang sariling kita at pagkakataon at oras ang kababaihan para paunlarin ang sarili at makilahok sa pampulitika at socio-cultural na mga aspeto ng ating lipunan," stressed Judy Ann Miranda, Partido Manggagawa Secretary-General. (Equal opportunity in work and access to social service, such as child care and care of the elderly and persons with disability, the poor is what we need. These can only be achieved if women are able to participate in the political and social-cultural aspects of our national life)

" Disenteng trabaho at mapagkakakitaan, sapat na reintegration program lalo sa repatriated na babaeng OFW; agarang ayuda at social protection tulad sa health at pension; pagkilala at paglahok sa migration governance hanggang lokal at lahat ng programa at serbisyong para sa kanila ang kailangan ng ating mga babaeng OFW. Ang sagot ay iboto ang mga maka-babaeng kandidato sa May 9," said Ellene Sana of the Center for Migrant Advocacy. (Decent work, sufficient reintegration program for the repatriate, immediate support and social protection, as well as participation in migration governance will be made possible by a pro-women vote on May 9)

According to WMW - Pilipinas, Filipino women's burdens have become heavier under the presidency of Mr. Duterte, owing to the national chief's misogyny, "machismo," and propensity for corruption as well as disrespect of human rights.

" Sa ilalim ng gubyernong Duterte, tayo ay nakaranas ng isang macho, sinungaling, korap, walang kakayahan, at marahas na pamumuno. Ito ay nagdulot ng matinding kahirapan lalo na sa mga katutubong kababaihan. Kaming mga kababaihan ay nagsanib pwersa upang ipanalo ang bagong gubyerno - isang gubyernong may respeto at pagkilala sa karapatan ng mga kababaihan, gubyernong alam ang kanyang obligasyon, at gubyernong tapat at handang magsilbi, hindi sa mga dambuhalang korporasyon, kung 'di sa mamamayan," claimed Judy Pasimio of LILAK (Purple Action for Indigenous Women's Rights) (Under the Duterte government, we have experienced machismo, lies, corruption, incompetence, and violence leadership. Women are now coming together as one force to install a new government-one that respects and recognizes the rights of women, that knows its obligations to the people, and is prepared to serve the people, not corporate interests)

"It has been an agonizing six years of violent and macho kind of leadership. We are tired of Duterte politics. We want real change for marginalized women and girls. We need a leader with a good track record on governance and women's human rights - one who puts the interests of marginalized sectors, especially women and girls at the center of her platform. The upcoming May 2022 presidential election is a critical moment in Philippine history, thus we need to choose wisely. If we want to revive our dying economy, our voices as voters are critical more than ever. We must put an end to the proliferation of hypermasculinity in Philippine politics. We must end Duterte's populist style of leadership this coming 2022 May election," stressed Jelen Paclarin of the Women's Legal and Human Rights Bureau (WLB).

Photo from Jean Enriquez' Facebook post

Ana Maria Nemenzo, National Coordinator of WomanHealth Philippines stated, "We call for the immediate release of Sen. Leila de Lima, victim of the most vicious misogynist and political persecution and injustice, who has suffered enough. As our international feminist movement asserts, we women will march until all women are free!" The group also called for the release of women's rights advocate Ma.Salome Crisostomo Ujano.

According to Lisa Garcia, Executive Director of Foundation for Media Alternatives (FMA), "Gender-based violence (GBV) continues to plague online spaces." She added that this is evidenced by the prevalence of non-consensual use of intimate images, sexual harassment, and cancel culture that threatens women's privacy and freedom of expression offline and online. "Even policies that appear to ease our day-to-day affairs may do more harm than good to women's rights such as the SIM Card Registration Bill that puts women's privacy at risk," said Garcia. FMA called to ensure safe spaces for women and girls' safe and free online participation and to cancel misogyny and sexism, and to use technology for activism.

The action ended with the singing of Laban para sa Nililiyag which calls on the people, especially the women, to embrace the current electoral battle as the people's biggest yet, as those they allege as dictators are hell-bent to come back to Malacañang. The song was composed by Jean Enriquez and multi-awarded composer Mike Villegas.

Other groups present the Organisasyon ng Kababaihang Survivors (OKS), Empowered Women Survivors Collective (EWSC) and Alyansa Tigil Mina.

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On March 8th, Women Clamor for a Progressive and Pro-Women Government

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In observance of March 8th this year, women's groups clamored for leaders who will promote women's rights, reject misogyny, as well as advance the successes and continuing struggles of Filipino women, especially those in the basic sectors. The call was made with the May 9th national elections fast approaching.

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Understanding Hate and Hate Speech: The Philippine Context

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Understanding Hate and Hate Speech: The Philippine Context

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The comic series (at least 4) will highlight forms of hate and hate speeches that are common in the Philippines.

Freedom of speech and expression are protected under the Philippines' Constitution. Article III Section 4 specifies that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of expression. Some people though misconstrue this to mean that they can say anything they want to other people, including in social media, even if these are already causing distress and harm to other people.

A study conducted by Chua and Labiste (2020) on Duterte's polemic against the Catholic church argues that hate speech not only ruins the reputation of groups, individuals and communities, but it also instills fear, sows discrimination, and creates a social wedge (p. 2).

Hate and hate speech abound in the Philippines, and they proliferate especially in social media. During the campaign period leading to the 2016 national elections in the country, a woman who posted on social media that she will not vote for a lazy candidate got the ire of the candidate's supporters. For that post, she received hateful messages including rape and death threats. Maria Ressa, a journalist and CEO of the social media news site Rappler, has many times been the subject and target of hate speech by trolls and supporters of the President. "You are so ugly, you shouldn't have been born." "I hope you get raped." Those are but some of the utterances she had been bombarded with for stating facts about the government and the president.

In the Philippines, there is no legislation on hate speech, although it has laws on libel and defamation. Recently though, a bill emanating from the Lower House was filed that aims to define, prohibit and penalize hate speech in the country. The bill was filed by Muslim representatives in congress as a result of the violent incidents that occurred in Christ-church and El Paso that killed individuals due to racist and anti-immigration sentiments.

The Philippines is a signatory to different international human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, among others. These international treaties foster the country's adherence to the promotion, protection and fulfillment of the rights to free speech and expression, and shuns discrimination in all forms, including those that relate to race, religion and gender.

And yet hate speech continues to proliferate with women and minority groups targeted the most. Is this man's way of exercising control over women? Does religion have anything to do with hate speech? How do we stop hate and hate speech?

Our idea is to create an understanding of hate and hate speech in the Philippine context that usually targets women and minority groups. This will be through the creation of a series of comics highlighting the narratives of women and minority groups, which we hope to publish and disseminate online (FMA website, Twitter, IG, FB accounts).

Comics is a form of expression, and resistance as well. It is used to express ideas via images, combined with text or other visual information. There was a chapter in Philippine history when comics were so popular, that stories which appeared in them were even made into movies and became part of Philippine popular culture. The appeal though has waned through the years, but is being revived and re-introduced, not just through the print form, but also online.

We hope to ride on the re-emerging appeal of comics as a means to inform and create awareness and resistance (about negative images and imaginings of women and minority groups) among the public about specific issues, in this case hate and hate speech. In fact, FMA has started publishing comics online (on the issue of disinformation) and these have created more engagements than our regular posts.

Comics (editorial comics or strips) are easier to understand because they use both visual and verbal appeal. They may not be as detailed as a written article or essay, but are as engaging.

The comic series (at least 4) will highlight forms of hate and hate speeches that are common in the country, based on the following initial (subject to change) ideas/topics/narratives:

misogynistic remarks of the President on women (framing sexist and misogynistic speech as hate speech);

online attacks on women that incite hatred and provokes violent reaction/action;

the ideal/decent Filipino woman as dictated by religion;

insulting and derogatory comments against specific minority groups, e.g., Muslims, LGBTQI+ persons

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Understanding Hate and Hate Speech: The Philippine Context

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The comic series (at least 4) will highlight forms of hate and hate speeches that are common in the Philippines. Freedom of speech and expression are protected under the Philippines' Constitution. Article III Section 4 specifies that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of expression.

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GenderScoop: Online Gender-based Violence, the Role of Internet Intermediaries and Initiatives to address Gender Digital Divide

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GenderScoop: Online Gender-based Violence, the Role of Internet Intermediaries and Initiatives to address Gender Digital Divide

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GenderScoop is a monthly digest on gender & ICT in the Philippines

What we gather this month:
Manifestations of gender-based violence (GBV) offline and online. Reports of various forms of gender-based violence continued. How responsive are laws in the Philippines? Are there instances in which we need to rethink about how we deal with gender and ICT?
Duterte inks expanded anti-trafficking in persons law NBI probe sought on viral video of man mauling woman Man arrested in Cebu City for blackmailing woman by threatening to spread her intimate photos Truck driver arrested for filming woman without her consent Duterte has made sexist comments about women in general. But in several cases, he has used them as weapons against perceived enemies, including Vice President and opposition leader Leni Robredo and jailed Senator Leila de Lima.
A truck driver who allegedly filmed a woman without her consent and posted the video on Facebook with sexist remarks.

Philippines dispatch: Pigs, presstitutes and how journalists are harassed
Since Duterte's rise to power, the Philippines has become a hub for online influence campaigns, and the harassment of opponents and independent journalists is particularly well advanced. In 2017, several former Google employees sued the company in a San Francisco court, accusing it of paying women less than men for equivalent positions and assigning women lower positions than men with similar experiences because they had previously earned smaller salaries.

Initiatives in addressing Gender Digital Divide More women are becoming game developers, but there's a long way to go Attracting women to the industry can be a challenge. One reason for this is that STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) in education institutions are still seen as male-dominated realms and therefore, so are the careers associated with them. And as the Australian Human Rights Commission noted in a 2013 report, male-dominated industries create a culture that may have a "higher tolerance of behaviours that could be viewed as sexual harassment" and gender biases when it comes to hiring and promoting. Microsoft collaborates with ICT Academy to launch cybersecurity program for educators and higher education students Mr Hari Balachandran CEO, ICT Academy of Tamil Nadu, said, "With the growing demand for women cybersecurity professionals in India, closing the demand-supply gap is the need of the hour. ICT Academy is on a mission to prepare youth for the future of work and is glad to partner with Microsoft in empowering educators and women in the cybersecurity domain. IDB study finds ICT capability, financing gaps for women in regional gender study The survey shows that women's participation in digital transformation processes was less than 50% at approximately half of the organizations surveyed. These organizations pointed to a lack of necessary digital skills and competencies as a primary reason for this lack of participation. The study maps the main gender gaps in companies' digitalization processes and recommends that governments help solve this problem through public policies that increase women's access to and use of digital technologies and reduce gaps related to women's participation in digital jobs. Women are far behind when it comes to mobile internet access, GSMA study finds Mobile internet access in low and middle-income countries is expanding at a pace, but risks leaving women behind, according to the GSMA Mobile Gender Gap Report 2022. "The worrying statistics in our Mobile Gender Gap Report 2022 show that far more needs are required to prevent women being left behind in the digital economy. Institutions, corporations and governments around the world need to focus on the importance of inclusion, and actively seek to combat such inequalities," comments GSMA director general Mats Granryd. The role of teachers and teacher educators in addressing the gender digital divide Gender equality is essential to develop and sustain the capacity for sustainable development although, ironically, STEM subjects and professions see the greatest gender digital divide and especially in developing economies.
UNDERSTANDING HATE SPEECH: WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR WOMEN AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS? HATE SPEECH IN THE PHILIPPINES

Restrictions, online attacks and intimidation of journalists covering elections
Marcos supporters have made Rappler its biggest target for online abuse. The news site has regularly reported on issues surrounding Marcos and his family. Rappler's CEO, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Maria Ressa, has faced similar threats from Marcos supporters as well as from outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte, along with several lawsuits and investigations from the Duterte administration.

TIMELINE: How Duterte normalized sexism in the Philippine presidency
Outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte has been consistent on a number of things throughout his administration - such as his loathing for illegal drugs, his fervent push for infrastructure development, and his sexist remarks.
A man was arrested after he allegedly threatened to spread the nude photos of a woman if she would not pay him or have sex with him.
Outgoing Senate President Vicente Sotto III on Monday sought the National Bureau of Investigation's (NBI) assistance to identify the people seen in a viral video showing a man hitting a woman.
Among the added provisions are that internet intermediaries - including internet service providers and social media platforms - will be held liable if they knowingly, or by gross negligence, allow the use of their infrastructure to promote trafficking.
At an Isolated Boarding School, a Culture of Sexual Abuse Thrived for Decades
Philippine High School for the Arts students entrenched culture of sexual, physical and emotional abuse impacting generations of children.

Cybermisogyny violates human rights
This analysis is premised on the observation that misogyny - the intense prejudice against and contempt for women - has become more ferocious in cyberspace in recent years, particularly against those critical of President Rodrigo Duterte, and now during the lead-up to the 2022 elections. This report analyzes a relatively small but significant sample, from 2015 to 2020, of the appalling number of misogynistic memes, posts, and comments that fan the flame of misogyny, with an equally sickening number of likes and shares from like-minded users.

CHR calls on authorities to take action against shirts hypersexualizing women
The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) called on authorities to take down Facebook pages and probe businesses selling shirts depicting the sexual objectification of women.

VISIT OUR ONLINE GENDER-BASED REPORTING PLATFORM HERE.

Tech companies must step up and play a crucial role in protecting women's digital privacy.
Alexandra Reeve Givens, Center for Democracy & Technology on the issue of U.S Supreme Court Decision on Abortion Rights

The Role of Internet Intermediaries in the Protection of Digital Rights

#ThereIsHope : Twitter leads users with concerns on freedom of expression to relevant resources
Twitter announced it was expanding its #ThereIsHelp notification service and Freedom of Expressions Search Prompt to Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The move is said to be a part of its efforts to contribute to a more free, open internet.

The new notification service will appear whenever people search for keywords that are associated with freedom of expression on Twitter. It will show the user available hotline numbers for partner organizations that can provide advice or resources on rights relating to freedom of expression and digital rights.

In the Philippines, these partners are Ideals Inc, an alternative law group working towards the empowerment of people, protection of rights, and accessible justice; the Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines; and the National Union of People's Lawyers.

Women's health and reproductive rights issues
Fearing a data dragnet weaponized against women seeking abortions and those helping them, privacy groups are warning that pregnancy-related information online might present a serious legal risk and demanding tech companies take action in the wake of America's revocation of abortion rights.

As states move to ban or restrict the procedure after the US Supreme Court's landmark reversal, worries grew that social media posts or information on apps could be used by authorities to build cases.

For example, geolocation data or an internet search history might serve to incriminate women or those who help them in states that opt to ban abortion.

"This decision opens the door to law enforcement and private bounty hunters seeking vast amounts of private data," said Center for Democracy and Technology president Alexandra Reeve Givens.

"Tech companies must step up and play a crucial role in protecting women's digital privacy," she added.

Google pays $118 million to settle gender discrimination suit
Google said it was "very pleased" to be settling, without admission of wrongdoing, a class-action lawsuit that argued it underpaid female employees and assigned them lower-ranking positions.

Interested about digital rights in the Philippines?
Tune into Foundation for Media Alternatives' Latest Digital Rights Roundup.
Check out the Philippine Digital Rights Electoral Agenda.

Gender-based violence is prevalent in Philippines, and it is targeted towards young girls, women and LGBTIQ+ communities not just in public spaces by state leaders and known individuals, but also in more private online settings. Impunity in many cases has only enabled perpetrators to continue the violence. This set of comic strips highlights different kinds of gender-based hate speech in the Philippines, and emphasis collective efforts to fight back.

The comic series of FMA highlight forms of hate and hate speeches that are common in the country, based on the following ideas/topics/narratives:

misogynistic remarks of the President on women (framing sexist and misogynistic speech as hate speech);

online attacks on women that incite hatred and provokes violent reaction/action;

the ideal/decent Filipino woman as dictated by religion;

insulting and derogatory comments against specific minority groups, e.g., Muslims, LGBTQI+ persons

Help grow awareness on gender & ICT issues in the Philippines.

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GenderScoop: Online Gender-based Violence, the Role of Internet Intermediaries and Initiatives to address Gender Digital Divide

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What we gather this month: Manifestations of gender-based violence (GBV) offline and online. Reports of various forms of gender-based violence continued. How responsive are laws in the Philippines? Are there instances in which we need to rethink about how we deal with gender and ICT?

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The role of influencers in the information ecosystem

Influencers are undoubtedly a staple of today's information ecosystem. They penetrate every niche and corner of the internet and assert their opinions to a vast array of audiences. Just as employing influencers has become a relatively inexpensive and effective means of advertising; influencers have proven to be effective in swaying public opinion and promoting political ideology and propaganda.

Platforms such as YouTube, TikTok, and Facebook enable forms of 'political brokerage' between viewer, content-creator, politician, and platform. In addition to mainstream influencers, the rise in micro and nano- influencers have tapped into smaller groups and manipulate voters in a more nuanced way.

Likes equals legitimacy

Social media platforms have created the modern influencer. Since the birth of social media and its popularization, people have been able to reach celebrity status by exploiting a niche or marketing themselves as a source of entertainment or information. The rise of influencers-even micro-influencers and political content-creators-has given the platform some semblance of legitimacy. This legitimacy has been used to disseminate both factual and non factual information.

Cheryll Soriano, a Professor of Communication in De La Salle University (DLSU) in the Philippines, explains in her paper: Platforms, alternative influence, and networked political brokerage on YouTube, how YouTube is now a place " where diverse social and political transactions are enacted, monetized, and brokered ".

She explains that in the current information ecosystem YouTube's role has changed from promoting lighthearted content and instructional videos to creating communities dedicated to disseminating- truthful or untruthful- information. However, this mode of information sharing does not require the content creator to have any form of legitimacy other than approval by their followers. This condition has allowed online communities to flourish under misguided pretenses that consumers will believe is the truth. Since regulatory bodies are limited on YouTube, creators can publish false information as if it were the truth.

From Pexels.com

Micro/nano-influencers and their intimate connections

Transitioning from a large-scale influencer culture towards micro-influencers has allowed false messages and propaganda to reach new niches and encompass more online communities. Micro or nano-influencers differ from traditional celebrities or influencers by having less followers but more intimate relationships with their followers. This promotes more interaction with followers and allows for political propaganda to be tailored and targeted to a specific audience. Curated communities and closed groups pose an even greater risk to the spread of misleading political content due to the content bubble that arises when commenters confirm each other's beliefs and biases without a diversity of opinions.

It is crucial to be critical of who we follow in social media platforms: it may seem harmless to see the latest posts and updates from our favorite influencers and content creators; but we need to check if the claims and information they are sharing are verified and true. Aside from that, diversifying our information diet and consumption to include many sources of verified, truthful information will also help us be better informed citizens.

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The role of influencers in the information ecosystem Influencers are undoubtedly a staple of today's information ecosystem. They penetrate every niche and corner of the internet and assert their opinions to a vast array of audiences.

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#FMATwitterHour: Social Media Policies for Fair Elections

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#FMATwitterHour: Social Media Policies for Fair Elections

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In a few days time, the Philippines is set to hold its national elections. Filipinos will be voting for their next President and Vice President, as well as new members of Congress, and local officials.

This is the first time that the Philippines will be holding its elections during the COVID-19 pandemic, that is why there were protocols established to ensure the safety of both the voters and the political candidates.

Social media is expected to play a big role in this elections - to provide us with relevant information about elections and voting, especially for first time voters; to provide a space for candidates to reach out to the public and share with them their advocacies and platforms; to provide a space to the public to discuss and debate on issues that are relevant to them.

Twitter is one of the spaces that people turn to for information and for discussion of issues, including during elections. We have seen how it supported the efforts of the Commission on Elections in 2016. For the 2022 elections, Twitter has partnered with the Comelec, and with civil society organizations, as well, to provide relevant information to help ensure safe and fair elections in the Philippines.

This session will inform the public, especially the Filipino voters, about the policies of Twitter in relation to the upcoming 2022 Philippine elections.

Moderator: Lisa Garcia
Resource Persons: Lynn Ampolpittayanant and Sei Salvador

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#FMATwitterHour: Social Media Policies for Fair Elections

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In a few days time, the Philippines is set to hold its national elections. Filipinos will be voting for their next President and Vice President, as well as new members of Congress, and local officials.

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An e-bulletin about issues on Filipino women's access to ICT and the internet. The initiative also covers Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) and the Gender Digital Divide. 

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An e-bulletin about issues on Filipino women's access to ICT and the internet. The initiative also covers Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) and the Gender Digital Divide. 

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Subscribe to Genderscoop here

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The FMA Digital Rights Roundup  - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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A bi-weekly roundup of articles and content about ICT issues and developments on both the local and national level. 

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A bi-weekly roundup of articles and content about ICT issues and developments on both the local and national level. 

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The Roundup can be viewed on FMA's FB Page, Twitter Page, and Website.

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On digital transactions, online investment scams, policy and reforms in the digital sector: The FMA Digital Rights Roundup (16-30, 2022) - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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SC: PHOTOS, MESSAGES FROM FB MESSENGER ADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that photos and messages obtained by private individuals from a Facebook messenger account are admissible as evidence in court. The Read more…

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The declaration is a long-standing core of what FMA as an organization stands for. It hopes to serve as a basis for public education, advocacy, networking and campaigns on ICT, human rights, and development.

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The declaration is a long-standing core of what FMA as an organization stands for. It hopes to serve as a basis for public education, advocacy, networking and campaigns on ICT, human rights, and development.

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On November 4, 2015, the Philippine Declaration on Internet Rights and Principles was launched after several months of collective drafting and consultations with civil society internet rights groups and the ICT policy community.

The initiative for the creation of the Declaration was launched during the Philippine Multi-stakeholder Forum on Internet Governance, Human Rights and Development organized by FMA on March 23, 2015. It was inspired by many similar initiatives of a global or national scope (e.g., Brazil). A drafting team, comprised of individuals from diverse backgrounds, developed the content of the declaration.

FMA also conducted broad consultations in Metro Manila, Davao City, and Cebu City from August to October 2015 to solicit inputs on the initial draft. The draft declaration was also made available online for inputs and suggestions of those who could not join the face-to-face consultations.

The Declaration focused on ten areas:

1. Internet access for all

2. Democratizing the architecture of the internet

3. Freedom of expression and association

4. Right to privacy and protection of personal data

5. Gender equality

6. Openness and access to information, knowledge and culture

7. Socio-economic empowerment and innovation

8. Education and digital literacy

9. Liberty, safety and security on the Internet

10. Internet and ICTs for environmental sustainability.

The Declaration is a reflection of the dreams, hopes, and aspirations of Filipinos of what the Philippine Internet should be. It hopes to serve as a basis for public education, advocacy, networking and campaigns on ICT, human rights, and development.

As of end-2015, 23 organizations have signed the declaration with many more organizations expressing interest.

The Philippine Declaration on Internet Rights and Principles
Preamble
Recalling that the Philippines is a sovereign democratic state in Southeast Asia, an archipelago that has a diverse population of various cultures that speaks different languages and dialects and professes different beliefs and ideologies;

Recognizing the 1987 Philippine Constitution, and that the State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development and should value the dignity of each and every human person;

Recognizing that the Internet plays an important role in the lives of the peoples of the Philippines, affecting their social, political, cultural, and economic development;

Recognizing that the Internet is a global commons and a public resource that should further the public interest;

Asserting that governance of the Internet should be inclusive, democratic, and rights-based, and should encourage the widest possible participation, particularly from marginalized and vulnerable sectors;

Noting that while the Internet has provided a platform for the promotion of human rights and increased democratization in the country, it has nevertheless also been misused and abused at times, and that such misuse or abuse results in a widening of the social divide or increased oppression;

Affirming that all human rights that apply or are enjoyed offline, particularly those enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), should likewise also apply and be protected online;

Emphasizing the responsibility of the State to always respect, protect and fulfill human rights, as also the responsibility of the private sector including Internet intermediaries to respect the human rights of their users consistent with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights;

Herein declare:

Everyone has the right to affordable and quality access to the Internet. The State must narrow the digital divide in order to provide quality universal access and ensure an enabling environment for fair competition that will benefit all stakeholders and promote consumer protection. Consistent with the distributed nature of the Internet, community-owned and driven information infrastructure and networks should also be promoted as alternatives or complements to national-level infrastructure.

The Internet's architecture, communication systems, and document and data formats shall be based on open standards that ensure complete interoperability, inclusion and equal opportunity for all.

Recognizing the fundamental distributed, decentralized and diverse nature of the internet, everyone shall have universal and open access to the Internet and its content, free from discriminatory prioritization, filtering or control for political or commercial purposes, while allowing for legitimate technical traffic management. The Internet should continue to evolve via open, permission-less innovation and the voluntary adoption of standards through inclusive multi-stakeholder processes, with due regard for the diversity of human abilities.

Everyone should have the right to freedom of expression, opinion, and association without interference online and offline. State and non-state actors should refrain from infringing upon the universal right to receive and impart information, opinions and ideas. Any restrictions on online activity should conform with necessary and proportionate principles.

Attempts to silence critical voices and censor social and political content or debate on the Internet should be stopped. Everyone should also be free to use the Internet to organize and form associations, and to engage in protests.

Everyone has a right to privacy on the Internet and the right to control how their personal data is collected, used, disclosed, retained, and disposed. Everyone should be able to communicate free from the threat of surveillance and interception. Targeted surveillance for the protection of public health and safety should always provide safeguards for human rights and be governed by transparent rules and oversight mechanisms.

Everyone should also have the right to communicate anonymously on the Internet and should be free to use encryption technology to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.

Everyone should have an equal right to learn about, access, define, use, and shape the Internet regardless of sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. Efforts to increase access must recognize and redress existing gender inequalities. In particular, there must be full participation of women in all areas related to the development of the Internet to ensure gender equality.

Gender-based violence involving the use of technology is growing, and the harms and violations perpetrated through and with ICTs are in need of serious attention. There must be concrete programs and mechanisms to prevent violence in cyberspace by promoting human rights for all and harnessing the potential of ICTs to promote women's empowerment. The Internet must promote diversity and social justice, and should be a transformative space to challenge and dismantle social injustice and patriarchy.

Everyone should have the right to access information on the Internet and be free from restrictions on access to knowledge. Copyright and patent regimes must not disproportionately restrict the capacity of the Internet to support public access to knowledge and culture. The State must ensure an enabling environment where linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity are encouraged as it enriches the development of society. It should also promote the development of local content and the production and use of free, libre, and open source software (FLOSS).

Everyone should be free to use the Internet for socio-economic empowerment and innovation. Innovators should be encouraged to design, develop, and implement information and communication technologies that respect human rights and that contribute to socio-economic empowerment and sustainable development. The State shall also foster an enabling environment for the growth of innovators and start-ups.

Everyone should have the knowledge and skills that enable them to use and shape the Internet. Everyone should have access to online resources, materials, and knowledge. Digital literacy is fundamental to children's capacity to use the Internet competently and exercise their human rights. Digital literacy will facilitate more active, responsible, and productive citizen participation in political, social and economic spheres.

The State should promote open educational resources and enable open access to research and data, as well as the use of free and open source software.

Everyone has the right to liberty and security on the Internet. Security measures, devised and implemented in a consensual manner, must be consistent with international human rights laws and norms. Everyone has the right to enjoy secure connections to and on the Internet, including protection from malware and fraud, as well as services and protocols that threaten or impair the current technical functioning of the Internet. Digital security measures should be commensurate with the threats they seek to address, taking into consideration and relative to the benefits of the social, economic and democratic activity they seek to protect.

Sustainable use of the Internet must be encouraged and enabled. E-waste should be minimized and recycled or otherwise disposed of in a manner that is protective of the environment. Sustainable use of the Internet that minimizes its impact on resources should be encouraged.
Signatories
8 Layer Technologies, Inc.

Baratillo.NetBlogwatch Philippines

Cebu Blogging Community

Cebu Youth Society Group

Dakila

Democracy.Net.Ph

Foundation for Media Alternatives

Galang Philippines

Gender and Development Advocates (GANDA) Filipinas

HROnline Philippines

Info Shop Marinduque

Initiatives for International Dialogue

Internet Society - Philippines

Kaisa _ Nagkakaisang Iskolar para sa Pamantasan at Sambayanan

Ligdung Sumbanan Alang sa mga Kabataan sa Sugbu

Marindukanon Studies Center

National Alliance of Youth Leaders

Philippine Internet Freedom Alliance

Philippine Network Foundation, Inc.

Sanlakas

Switotwins, Inc.

Start Up Davao

Women's Legal and Human Rights Bureau

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The Philippine Declaration on Internet Rights and Principles - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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On November 4, 2015, the Philippine Declaration on Internet Rights and Principles was launched after several months of collective drafting and consultations with civil society internet rights groups and the ICT policy community. The initiative for the creation of the Declaration was launched during the Philippine Multi-stakeholder Forum on Internet [...]

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The report looks into the potential impediments of government policy and restrictions on the Filipino's freedom of expression. The report takes a multi-level approach in unpacking such issues.

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The report looks into the potential impediments of government policy and restrictions on the Filipino's freedom of expression. The report takes a multi-level approach in unpacking such issues.

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This report takes a multi-level approach by first going through government restrictions directly affecting and may result to violations of freedom of expression online and offline, especially in light of a law that transformed all penal provisions into cybercrimes.

Second, the report also notes government actions and restrictions that, on their face, appear unrelated to clampdowns on freedom of expression, but nonetheless have the effect of self-censorship and chilling free speech and therefore may be cited again in the future as an indirect intrusion to free speech.

Third, the report discusses related issues and their mutual impact, since these rights and responsibilities do not exist in a vacuum.

Publication date: October 2020
DOWNLOAD: Unshackling Expression: Philippines report

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Unshackling Expression: Philippines Report - Foundation for Media Alternatives

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Unshackling Expression: Philippines Report This report takes a multi-level approach by first going through government restrictions directly affecting and may result to violations of freedom of expression online and offline, especially in light of a law that transformed all penal provisions into cybercrimes. Second, the report also notes government actions [...]

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A comprehensive infographic that serves as a checklist of priority issues in the digital rights sector. It is also a call to action for government leaders to push for a robust and free digital environment within the nation. This can also serve as a basis to evaluate newly elected officials. 

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A comprehensive infographic that serves as a checklist of priority issues in the digital rights sector. It is also a call to action for government leaders to push for a robust and free digital environment within the nation. This can also serve as a basis to evaluate newly elected officials. 

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Access the agenda here

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The UP Internet Freedom Network (UP INTERNET) provides a weekly digest of news articles regarding issues and events about ICT and the Internet in the Philippines. Various topics range from cybercrime to internet policy, and censorship. 

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The UP Internet Freedom Network (UP INTERNET) provides a weekly digest of news articles regarding issues and events about ICT and the Internet in the Philippines. Various topics range from cybercrime to internet policy, and censorship. 

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Subscribe through Telegram here

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#InternetPH news and updates, delivered to you by the UP Internet Freedom Network. The UP Internet Freedom Network (UP INTERNET) is an alliance of students and volunteers advocating for internet freedom.

Email us at upinternet.org@protonmail.com

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InternetPH news and updates, delivered to you by the UP Internet Freedom Network. The UP Internet Freedom Network (UP INTERNET) is an alliance of students and volunteers advocating for internet freedom. Email us at upinternet.org@protonmail.com If you have Telegram, you can view and join #InternetPH News right away.