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Use this link to fill in the missing information on your chart for Kingdom Anamalia.

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All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not contain prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae) or protists (Kingdom Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). All members of Animalia are multicellular, and all are heterotrophs (that is, they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment). Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity.

Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues, each tissue specialized to some degree to perform specific functions. In most, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs. Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms. Most reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm. Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material. The development of most animals is characterized by distinctive stages, including a zygote, formed by the product of the first few division of cells following fertilization; a blastula, which is a hollow ball of cells formed by the developing zygote; and a gastrula, which is formed when the blastula folds in on itself to form a double-walled structure with an opening to the outside, the blastopore.

It is estimated that around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth; the exact number is not known and all estimates are rough. Animals range in size from no more than a few cells to organisms weighing many tons, such as blue whales and giant squid. By far most species of animals are insects, with groups such as mollusks, crustaceans, and nematodes also being especially diverse. By this measure our own group, the vertebrates, is relatively inconsequential from a diversity perspective.

Research continues on the evolutionary relationships of the major groups of animals. For the sake of convenience, the Animal Diversity Web follows the system outlined in Hickman and Roberts (1994). For some groups we incorporate the results of current research in our classification and discussion.

Contributors

Phil Myers (author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

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All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not contain prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae) or protists (Kingdom Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). All members of Animalia are multicellular, and all are heterotrophs (that is, they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment).

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Use this link to fill in the missing information on your chart for Kingdom Plantae.

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plant - Characteristics of plants and nonvascular plants

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Plants (kingdom Plantae) are all multicellular and eukaryotic, and most can convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by means of photosynthesis; they are autotrophic and store their excess food as starch. Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) lack specialized vascular tissue for internal water…

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Use this link to fill in the missing information on your chart for Kingdom Fungi.

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At one time, all living things were classified as plants or animals, and fungi were placed squarely in the plant category. Most fungi are multicellular, and they have cells walls. They're sessile, meaning they stay in one place. With greater ability to study organisms on a cellular and molecular level came the realization that fungi are a unique group of living things, distinct from plants or animals. Their distinctions place this diverse group of organisms in their own kingdom: Kingdom Fungi.

Kingdom Fungi comprises four main groups of fungi. Phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms, toadstools and puffballs. The portion of the fungus that grows above ground is only the fruiting body of a large underground network of filamentous structures that make up the bulk of this organism.

Phylum Ascomycota includes a wide variety of organisms ranging from yeasts to morels. Some species of yeast are used in baking bread, while others cause rashes on moist tissues, such as diaper rash and athlete's foot. Some fungi in this group feed on grains and destroy crops. Around 75 percent of fungi belong to this phylum.

There are fewer than 1,000 species in phylum Zygomycota. These organisms include bread molds, which manifest as grayish-green fuzz on old, decaying bread. Some member of this phylum feed on decaying animals, as well as dead plants, while others parasitize living hosts.

Phylum Deuteromycota are called incomplete fungi because they reproduce only by releasing spores. The other groups of fungi reproduce both by spores and by cells joining together through meiosis. A well-known fungus from this phylum is Penicillium, used to make the antibiotic drug penicillin.

The diversity of this kingdom makes it difficult to provide a simple fungi definition. Despite their superficial similarities to plants, fungi are more closely related to animals. They do not have chlorophyll and cannot make their own food like plants. Fungi obtain food by absorbing carbon and other nutrients from dead or decaying organic material or living organic material in the case of fungal parasites. Instead of eating food and then digesting it, fungi first digest their food externally by secreting enzymes to break it down. Pre-digestion allows fungi to break down tough plant fibers into simpler, more readily consumed molecules of glucose. Parasitic fungi eat in much the same way. Within a living host, they use enzymes to digest living tissue before absorbing the nutrients they need from the tissue.

The main body of a fungus is made of filamentous threads called hyphae. The hyphae are made of strings of cells that allow nutrients to flow from one cell to another. Collectively, the hyphae are referred to as the mycelium. Depending on the species, it can grow in or on a variety of materials, such as soil, water, or decaying or living tissue. They can reproduce by breaking off pieces of hyphae to start new colonies. Another method involves growing a fruiting structure to release spores. The edible parts of mushrooms are an example of this type of structure. Fungi maintain their structure because of their rigid cell walls. Plants also have cell walls, but unlike those in plants, fungal cell walls are made from chitin. This is the same material used to form the exoskeletons in insects and shellfish.

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Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi Organisms

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Kingdom Fungi includes a diverse group of mainly multicellular organisms that possess traits of both plants and animals. Fungi examples include mushrooms, molds and yeasts for making bread. Fungi can be beneficial by breaking down decayed matter or harmful by causing parasitic infections.

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Use this link to fill in the missing information on your chart for Kingdom Protista.

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The Kingdom Protista consists of eukaryotic protists. Members of this very diverse kingdom are typically unicelluar and less complex in structure than other eukaryotes. In a superficial sense, these organisms are often described based on their similarities to the other groups of eukaryotes: animals, plants, and fungi.

Protists do not share many similarities, but are grouped together because they do not fit into any of the other kingdoms. Some protists are capable of photosynthesis; some live in mutualistic relationships with other protists; some are single celled; some are multicellular or form colonies; some are microscopic; some are enormous (giant kelp); some are bioluminescent; and some are responsible for a number of diseases that occur in plants and animals. Protists live in aquatic environments, moist land habitats, and even inside other eukaryotes.

Protista Characteristics

Protists reside under the Eukarya Domain and are thus classified as eukaryotes. Eukaryotic organisms are distinguished from prokaryotes in that they have a nucleus that is surrounded by a membrane. In addition to a nucleus, protists have additional organelles in their cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes are important for the synthesis of proteins and exocytosis of cellular molecules. Many protists also have lysosomes, which aid in the digestion of ingested organic material. Certain organelles may be found in some protist cells and not in others. Protists that have characteristics in common with animal cells also have mitochondria, which provide energy for the cell. Protists that are similar to plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts make photosynthesis possible in these cells.

Protists exhibit different methods of acquiring nutrition. Some are photosynthetic autotrophs, meaning that they are self-feeders and capable of using sunlight to generate carbohydrates for nutrition. Other protists are heterotrophs, which acquire nutrition through feeding on other organisms. This is accomplished by phagocytosis, the process in which particles are engulfed and digested internally. Still, other protists acquire nutrition predominately by absorbing nutrients from their environment. Some protists may exhibit both photosynthetic and heterotrophic forms of nutrient acquisition.

While some protists are non-motile, others exhibit locomotion through different methods. Some protists have flagella or cilia. These organelles are protrusions formed from specialized groupings of microtubules that move to propel protists through their moist environment. Other protists move by using temporary extensions of their cytoplasm known as pseudopodia. These extensions are also valuable in allowing the protist to capture other organisms that they feed on.

The most common method of reproduction displayed in protists is asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is possible, but typically only occurs during times of stress. Some protists reproduce asexually by binary fission or multiple fission. Others reproduce asexually by budding or through spore formation. In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced by meiosis and unite at fertilization to produce new individuals. Other protists, such as algae, exhibit a type of alternation of generations in which they alternate between haploid and diploid stages in their life cycles.

Photosynthetic Protists

Protists can be grouped according to similarities in a number of different categories including nutrition acquisition, mobility, and reproduction. Examples of protists include algae, amoebas, euglena, plasmodium, and slime molds.

Protists that are capable of photosynthesis include various types of algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglena. These organisms are often unicellular but can form colonies. They also contain chlorophyll, a pigment which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Photosynthetic protists are considered plant-like protists.

Protists known as dinoflagellates or fire algae, are plankton that live in marine and freshwater environments. At times they can reproduce rapidly producing harmful algae blooms. Some dinogflagellates are also bioluminescent. Diatoms are among the most abundant types of unicellular algae known as phytoplankton. They are encased within a silicon shell and are abundant in marine and freshwater aquatic habitats. Photosynthetic euglena are similar to plant cells in that they contain chloroplasts. It is thought that the chloroplasts were acquired as a result of endosymbiotic relationships with green algae.

Heterotrophic Protists

Heterotrophic protists must obtain nutrition by taking in organic compounds. These protists feed on bacteria, decaying organic matter, and other protists. Heterotrophic protists can be categorized based on their type of movement or lack of locomotion. Examples of heterotrophic protists include amoebas, paramecia, sporozoans, water molds, and slime molds.

Amoebas are examples of protists that move using pseudopodia. These temporary extensions of the cytoplasm allow the organism to move as well as to capture and engulf organic material through a type of endocytosis known as phagocytosis, or cell eating. Amoebas are amorphous and move by changing their shape. They reside in aquatic and moist environments, and some species are parasitic.

Heterotrophic Protists With Flagella or Cilia

Trypanosomes are examples of heterptrophic protists that move with flagella. These long, whip-like appendages move back an forth enabling movement. Trypanosomes are parasites that can infect animals and humans. Some species cause African sleeping sickness which is transmitted to humans by biting flies.

Paramecia are examples of protists that move with cilia. Cilia are short, thread-like protrusions that extend from the body and move in a sweeping motion. This motion allows the organism to move and also pulls food (bacteria, algae. ect.) toward the paramecium's mouth. Some paramecia live in mutualistic symbiotic relationships with green algae or with certain bacteria.

Heterotrophic Protists With Limited Movement

Slime molds and water molds are examples of protists that exhibit limited motion. These protists are similar to fungi in that they decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the environment. They live in moist soils among decaying leaves or wood.

There are two types of slime molds: plasmodial and cellular slime molds. A plasmodial slime mold exists as an enormous cell formed by the fusion of several individual cells. This huge blob of cytoplasm with many nuclei resembles slime that moves slowly in an amoeba-like fashion. Under harsh conditions, plasmodial slime molds produce reproductive stalks called sporangia that contain spores. When released into the environment, these spores may germinate producing more plasmodial slime molds.

Cellular slime molds spend most of their life cycle as single-celled organisms. They too are capable of amoeba-like movement. When under stressful conditions, these cells unite forming a large group of individual cells that resemble a slug. The cells form a reproductive stalk or fruiting body that produces spores.

Water molds live in aquatic and moist terrestrial environments. They feed on decaying matter, and some are parasites that live off of plants, animals, algae, and fungi. Species of the Oomycota phylum exhibit filamentous or thread-like growth, similar to fungi. However, unlike fungi, oomycetes have a cell wall that is composed of cellulose and not chitin. They can also reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Non-motile Heterotrophic Protists

Sporozoans are examples of protists that do not posses structures that are used for locomotion. These protists are parasites that feed off of their host and reproduce by the formation of spores. Sporozoans exhibit a type of alternation of generations in their life cycle, in which they alternate between sexual and asexual phases. Sporozoans are transmitted to humans by insect or other animal vectors.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the sporozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can be transmitted to humans by animals or can be contracted by ingesting contaminated food or water. In severe toxoplasmosis, T. gondii damage eyes or other organs, such as the brain. Toxoplasmosis does not typically develop in people with healthy immune systems.

Another sporozoan, known as plasmodium, causes malaria in humans. These protists are transmitted to mammals by insect bites, commonly by mosquitoes, and infect red blood cells. Plasmodium, in the merozoites stage of their life cycle, multiply within infected blood cells causing them to rupture. Once released, the merozoites can infect other red blood cells.

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The Kingdom Protista consists of eukaryotic protists. Members of this very diverse kingdom are typically unicelluar and less complex in structure than other eukaryotes. In a superficial sense, these organisms are often described based on their similarities to the other groups of eukaryotes: animals, plants, and fungi.

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Use this link to fill in missing information on your chart for Kingdom Eubacteria.

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There is several thousand different species of bacteria that can be found all around the world, including in uninhabitable and extreme conditions, like volcanoes, places that are covered with radioactive waste, and even in the deep layers of the earth's crust.

The term Eubacteria means true bacteria. Classification of these microorganisms is done using Gram stain, dividing them into Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

With approximately 40 million bacterial cells per gram of soil, Eubacteria is one of the countless living beings on this planet. Scientists divided these microbes into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria based on their differences. Archaebacteria are usually found in extreme conditions of the environment, whereas Eubacteria are found everywhere. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) studies of the genetic information also caused the division. Eubacteria is equipped with prokaryotic cells and is beneficial to plants.

There exists a six kingdom classification given by Carl Woese. These six kingdoms are kingdom Archaebacteria, kingdom Plantae, kingdom Protista, kingdom Animalia, Eubacteria kingdom, and finally, kingdom Fungi.

Fascinatingly, fungi and bacteria are often classified along with plants. This is mainly due to the presence of cell walls and autotrophic mode of getting nutrition and general immobility that the three share. This led to fungi and bacteria being classified along with plants. Though there are similarities between the kingdoms of Eubacteria and Fungi, it is important to note that there are important differences between them as well. Unlike Eubacteria, Fungi are multi-celled organisms. Also, dissimilar to plants, Fungi do not produce their own food.

Though it is commonly misconceived that the plant kingdom is the biggest, the largest kingdom of the six kingdoms is the animal kingdom.

What are Eubacteria?

Eubacteria, commonly known as true bacteria, are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms. Their prokaryotic cells enable them to be present on various types of surfaces. They are one of the six kingdoms, as mentioned by Carl Woese. Initially, they were categorized under the kingdom known as 'Monera'. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, sometimes clubbed together and referred to as Monera, do not have nuclei. However, later it was separated into a new kingdom called the Eubacteria kingdom. Eubacteria is a kingdom that also comprises a domain.

Eubacteria, one of the tiniest organisms on earth, are enclosed by a cell wall that is made of cross-linked chains of a polymer known as peptidoglycan. This combines both amino acids as well as sugar chains. The network structure provides the wall with the strength it requires to maintain the structure's size and shape when faced with the changing chemical and osmotic differences that occur outside of the cell.

Heterotrophic organisms and autotrophic organisms feed on Eubacteria, making it important to the animal kingdom. Reproducing asexually through binary fission, these organisms can survive in extreme conditions. Furthermore, Eubacteria have cilia and flagella as parts of their body, which they use for movement.

Eubacteria is an organism that metabolizes and digests the remains of plants and animals and finally releases salient and valuable nutrients into the ground.

Eubacteria is proof that the animal kingdom is of importance to humans. The Eubacteria in the human gut plays an important role in the digestion of food, in the synthesis of vitamin K, and in protecting the human body from harmful bacteria and many dangerous diseases.

Eubacteria species are also used in making some food items. These living organisms are used in manufacturing cheese, curd, yogurt, and wine.

Eubacteria are tiny organisms that can produce four generations in as little as 20 minutes, when in optimal conditions.

These common organisms can be in large colonies and also as individual cells.

Members Of Eubacteria

Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and miscellaneous bacteria are a few of the most common bacteria. While domain bacteria has many bacteria phylum of Eubacteria, the relationships constantly change. Eubacteria domain is home to E. coli, the full form of which is Escherichia coli. This bacteria is rod-shaped and Gram-negative. Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called S. pneumoniae, is another common Eubacteria that causes diseases like some other Eubacteria. Additionally, it is similar to the streptococcus pyogenes in name, the bacteria that causes strep throat.

Eubacteria have been broadly classified into three subcategories based on the shape of these microbes. The three types are bacilli (due to their rod shape), cocci (owing to the spherical shape), and spirilla (because of their spiral or wave shape).

Some species of Eubacteria can cause serious diseases in the human body, including tuberculosis, leprosy, cholera, anthrax (caused by bacillus anthracis), and tetanus (caused by clostridium tetani bacteria), for which antibiotics are used. These antibiotics disrupt the normal functioning of the organism.

Some species of Eubacteria can engage in nitrogen fixation by absorbing atmospheric nitrogen and converting it into nitrates, which is beneficial for plants. Cyanobacteria phyla are one such species that fix nitrogen in the soil and prove to be beneficial for plants.

The Characteristics Of Eubacteria

Eubacteria are also called true bacteria, come in different shapes, including spherical, spiral, tightly coiled, and rod-shaped bacteria.

Eubacteria are heterotrophs, which means that these single-celled living organisms take their food from outside sources. However, they can also be autotrophic, meaning that they can produce their own food.

Eubacteria kingdoms reproduce asexually through binary fission, where the mother cell is separated from the daughter cell through the cell wall. In this separation through the cell wall, they exchange a material called pili and absorb the DNA through the environment in a process known as transformation. They alter the existing DNA by incorporating bacteriophage into the chromosome using a process known as transduction.

Eubacteria do not have nucleus or cell organelles. They have cell walls made of peptidoglycan chains and many plasmids in the cytoplasm. An additional layer of lipid and sugar around the cell wall is found in Gram-negative bacteria. This is harmful to animals and humans owing to the incorporation of potent toxins in the lipopolysaccharide layer.

Different Types Of Bacteria

The bacteria domain is classified based on shape, oxygen requirement, nutrition, and cell wall composition. The growth of bacteria is affected by four different things and they are temperature, moisture, oxygen, and finally, their levels of pH. Bacteria are common organisms, of which some bacteria live in plants and animals. The body of humans has approximately 10 times more bacterial cells on it than human cells. Comparatively few species of these single-celled organisms are pathogens, causing diseases in animals and plants. Furthermore, some are used in the making of fermented food.

Eubacteria are classified into proteobacteria, chlorobi, chloroflexi, chlamydiae, planctomycetes, cyanobacteria phyla, and many other phyla.

Green sulfur bacteria are a species that belongs to the Chlorobi phyla, contains dihydroporphin as well as chlorobium chlorophyll 660 as the main chlorophyll pigment.

Some types of bacteria can move in a twisting motion using flagella, a part that allows them to move.

Bacteria are fascinating organisms as they exist in different shapes, like rod-shaped bacteria spiral-shaped bacteria. Some species of these organisms have been found to survive in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Some survive even in hot springs, while others can tolerate an atmosphere without oxygen.

Eubacteria can be both beneficial and dangerous to human and animal lives. They come in different shapes and sizes, including round, oval, spherical, and rod-shaped.

We use them for making different types of fermented food like cheese, wine, yogurt, and curd, and for reducing the harmful nitrogen levels in the soil. However, it is important to note that these organisms can also have serious harmful effects on lives in form of dangerous diseases, like tuberculosis, meningitis, cholera, and tetanus, to name a few.

More often than not, when people think about bacteria, they are thinking of Eubacteria. These organisms are found literally everywhere on earth and are usually helpful to humans. Moreover, these unicellular organisms are capable of producing spores that aid them in remaining dormant when in unfavorable conditions.

In cases of the problems that these organisms cause, they can be managed using medication and lifestyle changes. By consuming antibiotics when required as per the doctors' prescription and employing healthy living habits, including regular and consistent handwashing, healthy eating, and sleeping habits, it is possible to keep the harmful and deadly species of Eubacteria away.

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21 Curious Eubacteria Kingdom Facts Revealed For Kids

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There is several thousand different species of bacteria that can be found all around the world, including in uninhabitable and extreme conditions, like volcanoes, places that are covered with radioactive waste, and even in the deep layers of the earth's crust. The term Eubacteria means true bacteria.

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Use this link to fill in missing information on your chart for Kingdom Archaebacteria.

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Archaebacteria is the name given to archaea when it was classified as bacteria. This classification became outdated when it was determined that archaea are actually distinct from bacteria and eukaryote, which were previously thought to be the only domains of life on earth. Archaea is very similar to…

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Levels of classification - bobcat and lion

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Levels of classification - bobcat and lion