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GEM Script Anglais Concours BCE 2025 No 03

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GEM Script Anglais Concours BCE 2025 No 02

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GEM Script Anglais Concours BCE 2025 No 01

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EM LYON 2025

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AUDENCIA 2025

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EM LYON PART 2

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EM LYON PART 1

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Luigi Mangione : naissance d'un nouveau Robin des bois ?- Le dessous des images - ARTE

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La « coopération étroite » avec les Etats-Unis est « terminée », déclare le premier ministre canadien

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« Je m’oppose à toute tentative cherchant à affaiblir le Canada, à nous diviser pour que l’Amérique puisse nous posséder, cela n’arrivera jamais », a lancé Mark Carney, pour qui Washington n’est plus un « partenaire fiable ».

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Who is Mark Carney, Canada’s Liberal leader?

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The former banker may not have been elected to office before, but is now seeking a mandate from Canadians.

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Why is Canada’s Justin Trudeau stepping down as prime minister?

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Fifty-three-year-old has been under pressure to quit for some time amid economic malaise and political scandal

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Tariff live updates: China and Canada retaliate as Trump levies take effect

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Fears of a trade war loom as Trump tariffs spark retaliatory action from two of the US’s biggest trading partners.

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Explore our timeline of more than 40,000 years of marketing history. Including ice age findings and early beginnings in ancient Greece and Rome towards modern marketing developments.

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The Future of Marketing | Future Marketing Trends For 2025

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Dive into the future of marketing as we delve into six trends that are anticipated to shape how businesses can best connect with audiences in the new year.

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Babies born in the new year, and for the 14 years following, will make up the newest generation: Generation Beta. Its members will explore new digital landscapes, many of which we likely can't fathom now, and see the next century.

Members of Gen Beta, for short, will be the children of younger millennials and older Gen Zers and by 2035, they are estimated to make up at least 16% of the global population, according to McCrindle, an Australian social researcher led by generational analyst Mark McCrindle.

Additionally, many Gen Beta members will likely live into the 22nd century. Babies born in 2025 will be 76 years old when the year 2101 comes around.

Here's what to know about Generation Beta and those that came before.

What years will Gen Beta be born between?

Members of Gen Beta will be born between 2025 and 2039, according to McCrindle.

Why 'Beta'?

Generation Beta follows Generation Alpha, in line with the Greek alphabet.
Read more about wellness and culture in 2025: Sign up for USA TODAY's Everyone's Talking newsletter.
How will technology affect Gen Beta?

McCrindle predicts that digital and physical life will be seamless for Gen Beta. While members of Gen Alpha have become acquainted with smart technology and artificial intelligence, Gen Beta will experience AI and automation in every aspect of life, from school to work to health care and entertainment, McCrindle says.
Gen Z, millennial, zillennial? Find your generation - and what it means - by year
As technology continues to rapidly advance, Gen Z parents are likely to be more cautious with how their children interact with the digital world. According to McCrindle, 36% of Gen Z parents, compared to 30% of millennial parents, strongly agree that children's screen time should be limited.

Pressures of climate change with eco-conscious parents

Technology aside, Gen Beta will be asked to manage life through climate change, global population shifts and rapid urbanization, McCrindle states. But members of this generation will also be raised by eco-conscious millennial and Gen Z parents who prioritize adaptability.

According to the Pew Research Center, 71% of millennials and 67% of Gen Zers believe climate change should be the top priority to ensure a sustainable planet for the future.

Generation names for past 100 years

The start and end of a new generation is sometimes vague, but these generation group names are often used for individuals born between the following years:

◾ Greatest Generation: 1901-1927

◾ Silent Generation: 1928-1945 (age 80+)

◾ Baby Boomers: 1946-1964 (age 61-79)

◾ Generation X: 1965-1979 (age 46-60)

◾ Millennials: 1980-1994 (age 31-45)

◾ Generation Z: 1995-2009 (age 16-30)

◾ Gen Alpha: 2010-2024 (age 15 and younger)

What will the next generation be called, after Gen Beta?
Greta Cross is a national trending reporter at USA TODAY. Follow her on X and Instagram @gretalcross. Story idea? Email her at gcross@gannett.com.
If naming conventions continue following the current trend, it is likely that the next generational group, after Gen Beta, will be Generation Gamma, according to McCrindle. This generation will likely represent those born between 2040 and 2054.

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Welcome Gen Beta: A new generation of humanity starts in 2025

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Generation Beta will be made up by individuals born between 2025 and 2039.

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a trad wife = domestic goddess

What do you think of this trend?

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With Love, Meghan and the unstoppable rise of the ‘domestic goddess’

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From Martha Stewart to Meghan: Why there’s no stopping the TV celebrity homemaker – and why “we’re in a retro domestic goddess moment”.

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Zelensky bruised but upbeat after diplomatic whirlwind

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The Ukrainian president is standing firm after his Oval Office clash with Donald Trump, says the BBC’s Laura Kuenssberg.

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Starmer: Coalition of willing to guarantee Ukraine peace

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The UK prime minister says Europe would take the lead but would need US backing for a peace plan.

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Great video (that lasts 3 minutes). French article but interesting though.

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Vidéo. Pourquoi la défense européenne est-elle dépendante des Etats-Unis ? Comprendre en trois minutes

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Vidéo - Le « parapluie américain », qui protège une grande partie des pays européens, apparaît de plus en plus incertain après les prises de parole de Donald Trump et d’une partie de son administration.

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Mike Wendling in Chicago & Madeline Halpert in New York

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CEO Brian Thompson’s killing exposes simmering anger at US health system

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Long-standing frustrations were revealed online after a health insurance executive was shot and killed in New York City.

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Luigi Mangione in New York court over killing of healthcare boss Brian Thompson

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His lawyer argued during the hearing that her client - wearing a bulletproof vest - was being treated unfairly.

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Thank you Thibault M. for the interesting info.

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Nine days before a tense national election in Germany, he touched on a heated debate in the country around mainstream political parties maintaining a so-called "firewall" of non-cooperation with the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party.

In the decades since democracy was restored in Germany after the defeat of the Nazis, there has been a consensus among its main political parties not to work with far-right parties.

"Democracy rests on the sacred principle that the voice of the people matters," Vance said. "There's no room for firewalls. You either uphold the principle or you don't."

The AfD's candidate for chancellor, Alice Weidel, later shared parts of his speech on X, praising it as "excellent". The two reportedly met afterwards, according to German public broadcaster ZDF.

In his own speech, Pistorius directly addressed Vance, saying: "Democracy was called into question by the US vice-president for the whole of Europe.

"He speaks of the annihilation of democracy," Pistorius continued. "And if I have understood him correctly, he is comparing conditions in parts of Europe with those in authoritarian regimes... that is not acceptable."

Vance also made reference to the presidential election in Romania, which was annulled in December after declassified documents suggested it had been targeted by Russian state interference.

Vance told the conference: "If your democracy can be destroyed with a few $100,000 of digital advertising from a foreign country, then it wasn't very strong to begin with."

Romanian Prime Minister Marcel Ciolacu said his country remains "a defender of the democratic values that Europe shares with the USA".

"All RO [Romanian] authorities are committed to organising free and fair elections by empowering citizens and guaranteeing the freedom to vote," he wrote on X.

Vance later met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky on the sidelines of the conference, which has otherwise mainly focussed on Russia's full-scale invasion.

Zelensky said during the meeting that more work was needed on planning to end the fighting, while Vance said the pair shared a "fruitful" conversation.

Trump had said US, Russian and Ukrainian officials would meet in Munich, but Moscow has said it is not sending a delegation to the summit.

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JD Vance attacks Europe over free speech and migration

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The vice-president's speech at the Munich Security Conference was denounced by several European leaders.

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What is Doge, Trump’s new team headed by Elon Musk?

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Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy are on Capitol Hill to discuss their new advisory body. So what will it do?

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19 things Trump and his team did this week

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In his fifth week in office, Trump called Zelensky a dictator, sought more federal civil service cuts and dropped in on Nascar.

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John Simpson: Donald Trump means 2025 could be year for the history books

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Like 1968 or 1989, this could be a year when the world changes in a fundamental way.

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Le journalisme est mort, vive les influenceurs d'actualités.

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Le journalisme est mort, vive les influenceurs d'actualités.

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French press article

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Face à l'irrésistible érosion de la confiance dans la figure des journalistes, une nouvelle catégorie de pourvoyeurs d'information émerge sur le Web, à mi-chemin entre l'influenceur et l'éditorialiste.

Dans une Amérique qui se prépare à vivre à nouveau quatre années de trumpisme forcené, une personnalité du Web semble faire l'effet d'un phare dans la nuit. Il s'agit de Hasan Piker, plus connu sous le pseudo d'HasanAbi, un ex-journaliste et chroniqueur pour la chaîne YouTube The Young Turks et le Huffington Post, devenu l'un des streameurs de gauche (il est socialiste déclaré) les plus regardés et les plus influents de Twitch.

Le beau gosse qui transforme ta maman en militante socialiste

Suivi par 2,8 millions de personnes sur Twitch et 1,4 million sur YouTube, Hasan pratique principalement le format du " react ", qui consiste à visionner et commenter de manière critique différents médias. Lors de ses précédents lives, il a suivi au jour le jour les enquêtes et les réactions autour de l'assassinat du CEO d'United Healthcare, ou bien a lu l'interview glaçante de Donald Trump dans le dernier magazine Time.

Très populaire chez les jeunes habitués de Twitch, et avec sa belle plastique et ses arguments choc passe bien auprès des parents de la génération Z. Certains internautes disent même avoir retourné les idées politiques de leurs proches en leur envoyant des extraits de ses vidéos. Ses propos qui justifient les attaques du 11 septembre ou celles du 7 octobre ne semblent pas émietter sa popularité, même si ce dernier est à présent accusé d'antisémitisme de la part d'autres streameurs. Il n'a pas fait campagne pour Biden et Harris lors de la présidentielle. Il a été l'une des voix pour dire que les Démocrates allaient dans le mur et que leur campagne ne parlait pas aux jeunes. Il a finalement préféré se concentrer sur la levée d'un million de dollars d'aide humanitaire pour Gaza.

Le pokedex des " jinfluenceurs "

Depuis quelques années, cette nouvelle classe de créateurs de contenu semblables à Hasan Piker a pris de l'ampleur sur les réseaux. S'ils cochent toutes les cases classiques de l'influence avec une présence sur de multiples comptes et un rapport parasocial avec leurs communautés, ils ont aussi cette particularité de commenter l'actualité à la manière d'éditorialistes souvent très orientés et engagés politiquement.

Appelés " jinfluenceurs " (un mot-valise comportant le J de journaliste) ou news influencers, ces derniers ont connu une grande visibilité lors de la présidentielle américaine. Du côté gauche de l'échiquier, on peut notamment citer le streameur Vauch (Ian Anthony Kochinski de son vrai nom), lui aussi socialiste et pro palestinien, qui utilise les méthodes de communication de l'extrême droite comme les mèmes et une tonalité assez agressive et tonitruante pour gagner de la visibilité sur YouTube (où il cumule plus de 495K abonnés). Steven Kenneth Bonnell II, plus connu sous le pseudo de Destiny, est plu^to du côté des Démocrates (il s'oppose clairement à la alt-right mais soutient plutôt l'Etat d'Israël) et propose à ses 861K abonnés YouTube des débats enflammés avec ses opposants d'extrême droite.

Du côté des conservateurs et pro-Trump, on retrouve Ben Shapiro, le Doppelgänger d'Hasan Piker, au phrasé mitraillette, qui inonde ses 7,5 millions d'abonnés Twitter d'extraits de ses vidéos où il tape sur l'avortement et le mariage gay, sans pour autant soutenir Donald Trump, qu'il considère comme " un démocrate centriste ". On peut aussi citer Steven Crowder, un ancien humoriste et ex-collaborateur de la chaîne Fox News, qui a milité pour la fin du politiquement correct dans les discours politiques et qui présente régulièrement des opinions homophobes ou anti-LGBT à ses 5,75 millions d'abonnés YouTube.

La fin de la neutralité à tout prix ?

Relativement nouveau, le phénomène des " jinfluenceurs " a récemment fait l'objet d'une étude de la part du Pew Research Center. Le centre de recherche américain a mené un examen approfondi sur un échantillon de 500 influenceurs d'actualité populaires et du contenu qu'ils produisent, issu d'une analyse de plus de 28 000 comptes de médias sociaux.

D'après cette étude, les créateurs commentateurs d'actualité sont majoritairement des hommes (63 %), présents surtout sur X (85 %) (Instagram et YouTube sont juste derrière). 48 % d'entre eux n'évoquent pas clairement leur soutien à un candidat précis, même si bien souvent les orientations idéologiques sont assez évidentes. Parmi ceux qui déclarent soutenir un candidat, 27 % sont du côté de Donald Trump contre 21 % pour Kamala Harris. À ces statistiques générales, il faut rajouter une nuance de taille. Comme nous l'avions déjà expliqué, les " jinfluenceurs " conservateurs détiennent une audience largement supérieure à celle des créateurs progressistes.

La véritable différence qu'apportent ces créateurs, c'est un rapport différencié à l'actualité. D'après l'étude, le public ultra-conservateur trouve dans le visionnage des influenceurs d'actualité une alternative aux médias traditionnels qu'ils jugent souvent biaisés ou critiques à leur égard. Ces influenceurs exposent ce qu'ils perçoivent comme des vérités négligées par les grandes chaînes d'information. S'ajoute à cela une impression d'appartenir à une communauté de croyance ou idéologique qui renforce leur vision du monde. Cette impression peut toutefois être trompeuse, comme ce fut le cas de Ben Shapiro, qui s'est fait critiquer par ses propres fans en s'en prenant aux motivations de Luigi Mangione, l'assassin présumé du PDG d'United Healthcare.À l'inverse, les viewers plus progressistes y trouvent une forme de vulgarisation d'informations complexes et des créateurs spécialisés sur des thématiques peu explorées par les médias.

Les uns comme les autres assument une forme de décryptage de l'actualité partisan et relativement transparent d'un point de vue idéologique. Contrairement aux journalistes américains mainstream, qui adoptent généralement une forme de neutralité politique, les " jinfluenceurs " donnent très rapidement le ton, et on les suit moins pour se tenir au courant de l'actualité brûlante que pour savoir quoi penser d'un évènement en particulier. La plupart ne vont pas forcément sur le terrain, ou bien ne rapportent pas directement de l'information, mais font en sorte de la rendre plus appétissante et même virale.

Et s'ils attirent autant de monde avec une apparente sincérité et transparence idéologique, ils ne sont toutefois pas à l'abri d'être, eux aussi, des rouages d'une communication orientée. En septembre 2024, le ministère de la Justice a ainsi inculpé une dizaine de personnes dans le cadre d'une enquête portant sur des opérations de désinformation massive menées par les hauts cadres de la chaîne de propagande russe RT. Au centre de ce système se trouvait la société de production Tenet, qui avait signé des accords avec plusieurs news influencers comme le youtubeur conservateur Matt Christiansen, l'ex-journaliste de Vice Tim Poole, ou bien Benny Johnson, ancien contributeur du média d'extrême droite Breitbart. En tout, plus de 10 millions d'euros ont été distribués à ces créateurs de contenu qui, sans vraiment savoir qu'ils étaient payés par le Kremlin, avançaient au fil de leurs vidéos l'idéologie poussée par Poutine.

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Le journalisme est mort, vive les "influenceurs d'actualités"

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Une nouvelle catégorie de pourvoyeurs d'information est en train d'émerger, à mi-chemin entre un influenceur et un éditorialiste orienté.

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This study explores the makeup of the social media news influencer universe, including who they are, what content they create and who their audiences are.

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Crédit : "A Girl With a Pearl Earring“ est actuellement exposée au musée : The Hague (Pays-Bas) © Julian a.i art

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https://www.moka-mag.com/articles/julian-a-i-art-dessin-celebrites-peinture-homme-portraits-intelligence-artificielle-robot-midjourney

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Mona Lisa" with DeepDream effect (left) and Neural Style Transfer (right) created by P.J. Finlay. Image: Wikipedia.

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Can AI create art?

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Is art a weapon to achieve human freedom?

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What Is Your Favorite Book? | (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD) | Asking students

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Exemple de début  de réponse à Whats is your favourite movie? (Avatar). A complexifier. 

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Exemple de début  de réponse à Whats is your favourite movie? (Avatar). A complexifier. 

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Il faudra complexifier davantage en vous mettant en avant mais c'est un bon exemple de début de réflexion. Ici il manque le lien avec vous: il vous faut briller, ce n'est pas le film qui doit briller le jour J! Néanmoins c'est un bon début de description qu'il faudra complexifier avec de l'analyse et le relier à vous.

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My Favourite Movie Essay In English// Essay writing on my favourite movie// #essay #myfavouritemovie

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What is your favourite film? (pour ceux qui ont des difficultés en anglais) niveau B1

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What is your favourite film? (pour ceux qui ont des difficultés en anglais) niveau B1

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Pour ceux qui ont des difficultés, je vous conseille d'écouter l'audio, de faire les activités et ensuite de lire le script (=transcript) en réécoutant l'audio. Cela vous aidera à débuter pour la présentation de film préféré.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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Visual art is a fundamental component of the human experience reflecting the world and the time in which we live. Art can help us understand our history, our culture, our lives, and the experience of others in a manner that cannot be achieved through other means. It can also be a source of inspiration, reflection, and joy.

Visual Art and the American Experience is a testament to the power of art and its connection to our national heritage. Through the exploration of various themes, eras, and artistic styles, the exhibition will serve as a lens through which we can learn about the history of American art and the African American experience.

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Visual art is a fundamental component of the human experience reflecting the world and the time in which we live. Art can help us understand our history, our culture, our lives, and the experience of others in a manner that cannot be achieved through other means.

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Americans will head to the polls in November 2024 to elect the next US president. The person sitting in the White House's Oval Office has a big influence on people's lives both at home and abroad, so the outcome of this election matters for everyone.

The US political system today is dominated by just two parties, so every president in modern times has belonged to one of them.

The Democrats are the liberal political party, with an agenda defined largely by its push for civil rights, a broad social safety net and measures to address climate change.

It is the party of incumbent President Joe Biden, who is trying to secure a second term in power.

The Republicans are the conservative political party in the US. Also known as the GOP, or the Grand Old Party, it has stood for lower taxes, shrinking the size of the government, gun rights and tighter restrictions on immigration and abortion.

The party hasn't yet picked its presidential candidate.

When is the next US presidential election?

The 2024 election will be on Tuesday, 5 November 2024. The winner will serve a term of four years in the White House starting in January 2025.

Who are the candidates and how are they nominated?

The 2024 presidential campaign is well under way. It started with 15 candidates - nine Republicans, four Democrats and two independents - although some of them have already dropped out of the race.

President Biden announced his re-election bid earlier this year and - despite some long-shot challenges - is expected to win the nomination easily.

In the Republican Party, polls show former President Donald Trump is well ahead of the rest of candidates. There are also some independent candidates, including Robert F Kennedy Jr, nephew to former president John F Kennedy.

The two main parties nominate a presidential candidate by holding a series of state primaries and caucuses that begin in Iowa in January.

There are differences between the parties and the process varies from one state to another.

One of the biggest days is called "Super Tuesday" on March 3 because more than a dozen states will hold their primary contests on that day. It may be clear after that who the Republican party will nominate.

How does the US presidential election work?

Both candidates compete to win electoral college votes.

Each state has a certain number of electoral college votes partly based on its population and there are a total of 538 up for grabs, so the winner is the candidate that wins 270 or more.

This means voters decide state-level contests rather than the national one, which is why it's possible for a candidate to win the most votes nationally - like Hillary Clinton did in 2016 - but still be defeated by the electoral college.

All but two states have a winner-takes-all rule, so whichever candidate wins the highest number of votes is awarded all of the state's electoral college votes.

Most states lean heavily towards one party or the other, so the focus is usually on a dozen or so states where either of them could win. These are known as the battleground states.

Who else is being elected?

All of the attention will be on who wins the presidency, but voters will also be choosing new members of Congress - the government's legislature - when they fill in their ballots.

All 435 seats in the House of Representatives are up for election, while 33 Senate seats are also up for grabs.

Republicans control the House and Democrats are in charge of the Senate.

These two chambers pass legislation so can act as a check on White House plans if the controlling party in either chamber disagrees with the president.

Who can vote?

If you're a US citizen and you're 18 or over, you should be eligible to vote in the presidential election, which takes place every four years.

When do we know who has won the election?

Usually a winner is declared on the night of the election, but in 2020 it took a few days to count all the votes.

The period after the election is know as the transition if there is a change of president.

It's a time for the new administration, including cabinet ministers, to form and make plans for the new term.

The president is officially sworn into office in January in a ceremony known as the inauguration, held on the steps of the Capitol building in Washington DC.

More on the 2024 election

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In case of conflict between these Beta Terms and the BBC Terms of Use these Beta Terms shall prevail.

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Trying to understand it for the first time or need a refresher? This guide can help.

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En 2024, l'élection aux États-Unis des grands électeurs et, par extension, celle du président américain, a lieu le 5 novembre 2024. Les principaux candidats sont à l'image du bipatrisme traditionnel de la politique américaine : Donald Trump pour le parti républicain et Kamala Harris, après le retrait de Joe Biden, pour parti démocrate.

Donald Trump annonce sa candidature le 15 novembre 2022, malgré sa défaite face à Biden en 2020 (qu'il n'a jamais reconnue), les procès qui l'attendent, pour certains au pénal et l'assaut du Capitole par ses partisans le 6 janvier 2021. Le 25 avril 2023, Joe Biden, élu pour un premier mandat en 2020 à 78 ans, se déclare lui aussi candidat pour la présidentielle américaine de 2024.

Le mandat d'un président américain est de quatre ans. L'élection présidentielle américaine se tient traditionnellement le mardi qui suit le premier lundi du mois de novembre et a ainsi lieu tous les 4 ans. Le président américain est élu ensuite par les grands électeurs au cours du mois de décembre qui suit. Il est enfin investi lors de l' Inauguration Day le 20 janvier suivant (ou le 21 si le 20 janvier est un dimanche).

L'élection américaine en 2020

Le 3 novembre 2020 se déroule la cinquante-neuvième élection présidentielle américaine, depuis 1789, à l'issue d'une campagne électorale de plus en plus influencée par les réseaux sociaux. Elle met face-à-face le candidat républicain à sa propre succession Donald Trump et Joe Biden, vice-président de 2009 à 2017 sous la présidence Obama, qui représente les démocrates. Avec également deux autres candidats qui pourraient peser en cas de résultats très serrés : Jo Jorgensen, du parti libertarien, la seule femme de ce scrutin, et Howie Hawkins, du parti vert.

Le colistier de Donald Trump est alors son actuel vice-président Mike Pence, tandis que celle de Joe Biden est la sénatrice de Californie, Kamala Harris.

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Élection présidentielle américaine 2024, actualité, analyses et podcasts

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Retrouvez toutes les informations sur l'élection présidentielle américaine du 7 novembre 2024. Actus et décryptages en podcasts et articles

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Rappelez-vous la dernière fois que vous avez pris quelque chose en note rapidement ou rédigé une liste de courses. Il y a fort à parier que ce n'était pas avec un crayon et du papier. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les claviers et les écrans ont discrètement remplacé l'écriture manuscrite dans nos tâches quotidiennes, des salles de classe aux réunions de bureau. Certaines écoles dans le monde ont même cessé d'enseigner l'écriture cursive.

Les recherches montrent pourtant qu'écrire sur du papier offre des avantages cognitifs que les outils numériques ne peuvent apporter.

" Statistiquement, la plupart des études portant sur la relation entre l'écriture manuscrite et la mémoire, [notamment celles menées au Japon, en Norvège et aux États-Unis], montrent que les gens se souviennent davantage des choses qu'ils ont écrites à la main plutôt que sur un ordinateur ", explique Naomi Susan Baron, professeure émérite de linguistique à l'American University de Washington D.C. et autrice.

Qu'il s'agisse d'améliorer la fixation mnémonique ou de renforcer les acquis d'apprentissage, découvrez l'impact significatif que peut avoir l'art de l'écriture sur la façon dont nous assimilons et retenons les informations.

Les bénéfices qu'offre l'écriture manuscrite peuvent être en partie attribués à l'implication de divers sens dans le processus d'écriture.

" Tenir un stylo entre ses doigts, le presser sur une surface et actionner ses mains pour former des lettres et des mots est une compétence cognitivo-motrice complexe qui demande beaucoup d'attention ", indique Mellissa Prunty, maître de conférences en ergothérapie à l'université Brunel de Londres, qui a effectué des recherches sur la relation entre l'écriture manuscrite et l'apprentissage. " Il a été démontré que ce niveau de traitement plus profond, qui implique d'associer des sons à la formation de lettres, favorise la lecture et l'orthographe chez les enfants ", poursuit-elle.

Les adultes bénéficient également du travail que demande l'écriture manuscrite. Une étude portant sur quarante-deux adultes apprenant l'arabe a révélé que les participants qui apprenaient les lettres en les écrivant à la main les reconnaissaient plus rapidement, avaient plus de facilité à les épeler et étaient plus aptes à les prononcer que les personnes à qui l'on demandait d'apprendre les nouveaux caractères en les tapant sur un clavier ou simplement en les regardant.

" Nous pensons que nos résultats peuvent en partie s'expliquer par le fait que l'écriture manuscrite active différentes voies pour le même concept ", avance Robert W. Wiley, professeur de psychologie à l'université de Caroline du Nord à Greensboro et coauteur de l'étude. Il explique que l'apprentissage d'un nouveau mot implique de relier un symbole abstrait avec des informations visuelles, motrices et auditives. " Écrire à la main peut activer davantage de connexions entre ces différentes dimensions que taper sur un clavier ", ajoute-t-il.

Grâce à des enquêtes menées auprès de 205 jeunes adultes aux États-Unis et en Europe, Naomi Susan Baron a constaté que de nombreux étudiants déclaraient qu'ils étaient plus attentifs, qu'ils parvenaient à maintenir davantage leur concentration et qu'ils mémorisaient mieux lorsqu'ils rédigeaient un texte en tenant un instrument d'écriture plutôt qu'en appuyant sur les touches d'un clavier. Cela suggère que notre sens du toucher joue un rôle essentiel dans la manière dont nous assimilons l'information.

Selon Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, professeure au Brain and Creativity Institute de l'université de Californie du Sud, il peut sembler contre-intuitif que solliciter nos sens puisse nous permettre de mieux apprendre, mais le toucher et le mouvement activent les mêmes zones du cerveau que celles impliquées dans l'apprentissage et la mémorisation. " Le cerveau humain a évolué pour traiter les informations sensorielles et motrices au cours de l'évolution ", précise-t-elle. " Ces mêmes régions du cerveau qui [les] traitent sont aujourd'hui impliquées dans la cognition supérieure. "

Pour mieux comprendre l'influence que peuvent avoir nos sens sur notre cognition, nous pouvons considérer notre cerveau comme un réseau routier, illustre Audrey van der Meer, professeure de neuropsychologie à l'Université norvégienne de sciences et de technologie. Les réseaux cérébraux des enfants ressemblent à des esquisses de sentiers sinueux dans une forêt, continue-t-elle. Avec la pratique et l'expérience, ces chemins peuvent devenir des autoroutes qui relient les différentes parties du cerveau afin de faire circuler les informations de manière rapide et efficace.

Dans une étude publiée en janvier dernier, Audrey van der Meer et son coauteur Ruud van der Weel ont examiné les électroencéphalogrammes de trente-six jeunes adultes inscrits à l'université qui ont effectué des tâches d'écriture. Les étudiants devaient écrire ou décrire des mots du jeu Pictionary en tapant sur un clavier ou les dessiner sur un écran tactile en utilisant un stylet. Durant chaque tâche, l'activité cérébrale des participants a été mesurée.

" Le plus surprenant, c'est que l'ensemble du cerveau était actif lorsqu'ils écrivaient à la main, alors [qu'il était question] de zones beaucoup plus petites lorsqu'ils tapaient au clavier ", décrit Audrey van der Meer. " Cela suggère que lorsque vous écrivez à la main, vous utilisez la plus grande partie de votre cerveau pour accomplir votre tâche. "

En outre, l'étude indique que les différentes parties du cerveau activées par l'écriture manuscrite communiquent entre elles par le biais d'ondes cérébrales associées à l'apprentissage. " Il existe tout un corpus de recherches évoquant les oscillations alpha et thêta dans le cerveau, bénéfiques à l'apprentissage et à la mémorisation ", développe Audrey van der Meer. " Nous avons constaté que ces oscillations étaient actives lorsque l'on écrivait à la main, mais pas lorsque l'on tapait sur un clavier. "

Les chercheurs encouragent donc l'apprentissage de l'écriture manuscrite. En Norvège, nombre d'écoles ont cessé d'enseigner l'écriture cursive, les élèves écrivant et lisant désormais sur un iPad, une tendance qu'Audrey van der Meer espère inverser grâce à ses recherches.

" Je pense qu'il devrait y avoir au moins un minimum d'écriture manuscrite dans les programmes de l'école primaire, tout simplement parce que c'est très bon pour le développement du cerveau ", affirme-t-elle.

Aux États-Unis, l'écriture cursive a été supprimée du Common Core State Standards, une forme de tronc commun, mais plusieurs États ont décidé de la réintégrer dans les programmes scolaires en raison des bénéfices qu'elle offre en termes d'apprentissage.

Quant aux adultes, Audrey van der Meer leur conseille de se servir, eux aussi, de crayons et de papier. " Continuer d'écrire à la main est un très bon entraînement pour le cerveau ", déclare-t-elle. " Ça équivaut à entretenir une route très fréquentée. "

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Ère numérique : voici pourquoi il faut continuer d'écrire à la main

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Qu'il s'agisse d'améliorer la concentration ou de stimuler les voies cognitives, l'écriture manuscrite offre des bénéfices neurologiques que n'apporte pas la technologie moderne.

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Nous en avons parlé en cours! Doubler son TOEIC c'est possible. Interview de Quentin.

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Nous en avons parlé en cours! Doubler son TOEIC c'est possible. Interview de Quentin.

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Ancien étudiant de l'ATS de DIJON, Quentin a réussi brillamment. Merci Quentin pour ce retour!

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Interview de Quentin Pagot, étudiant à l’EDHEC avec 940 au TOEIC et 473 au Tage Mage

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Découvrez dans l’article d’Objectif AST l’interview de Quentin Pagot, étudiant à l’EDHEC avec 940 au TOEIC et 473 au Tage Mage.

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E MAIL D'ABSENCE à une Khôlle ( à envoyer aussi tôt que possible)

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E MAIL D'ABSENCE à une Khôlle ( à envoyer aussi tôt que possible)

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Pour vous permettre de ne rien oublier, voici le texte que vous devez coller et envoyer aux 2 ou 3 profs concernés (E. Fournier + J Laclautre + J. Duboin ou C. Lamalle) par mail au plus tôt.

Mme Fournier emilie.fournier@ac-dijon.fr  + Mme Laclautre julie.laclautre@ac-dijon.fr

+  M. Duboin : jerome.duboin@ac-dijon.fr

ou    M. Lamalle : christophe.lamalle@sfr.fr

Je suis PRENOM + NOM , je devrais avoir K d'anglais JOUR avec DATE + HEURE avec (CHOISIR: Mme Fournier, M.Duboin , M. Lamalle). Je suis dans le groupe de K n° (?).

Je serai exceptionnellement absent car (EXPLIQUER).

Je m'excuse pour cette absence, je m'engage à lire vos mails en retour pour suivre les consignes de rattrapage.

Bien cordialement,

PRENOM + NOM.

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Pour répondre aux questions de l'entretien de manière spontanée

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Pour répondre aux questions de l'entretien de manière spontanée

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Barack Obama's top 4 speaking techniques (no B.S.)

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Kamala Harris proposes raising corporate tax to 28% | World Business Watch | WION

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Paris Olympics 2024: Chinese manufacturing reigns at Paris Games | World Business Watch

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MARKETING

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Here's how brands secure big dollars during the Olympic games

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The largest cruise ship in the world, which embarks on its first commercial voyage from Miami on Saturday, was launched amid a fanfare of superlatives. Longer than the Eiffel Tower is tall, the Icon of the Seas towers 20 decks above the waves, can accommodate more than 7,000 passengers and crew, and, at a quarter of a million gross tonnes, could swallow five Titanics for breakfast.

Coloured slides on its upper deck mark out "Thrill Island", the largest waterpark at sea, and it boasts a 17-metre (55ft) indoor waterfall. The president of Royal Caribbean, Jason Liberty, told reporters it was the " biggest, baddest ship on the planet", though it quickly became known on social media as "human lasagne".

Yet the launch of the huge vessel in Florida, one of many the same size or bigger that could be built in the next few years, has refocused attention on the impact on the planet of cruise tourism.

Various studies by environmental organisations, comparing the carbon footprint of a week-long holiday on a European cruise with taking a flight and staying in a hotel, concluded that such cruises were up eight times as carbon intensive.

Diagram showing tonnage, number of passengers (5,610) and crew (2,350), size of cruise ship relative to three football pitches, and with details of the ship's features, such as an infinity pool
Icon of the Seas, the world's biggest cruise ship

Royal Caribbean has made much of the fact that Icon of the Seas runs on liquified natural gas (LNG), describing it as the "cleanest-burning marine fuel". However, Bryan Comer, director of the International Council on Clean Transportation's marine programme, says using such fuel shows an industry "investing in false climate solutions".

"They are doubling down by calling LNG a green fuel when the engine is emitting 70 to 80% more greenhouse gas emissions per trip than if it used regular marine fuel," he said. "Icon has the largest LNG tanks ever installed in a ship. It is greenwashing."

Using LNG rather than other marine fuels cuts carbon dioxide emissions by a quarter. But a cruise ship using LNG emits more greenhouse gas emissions overall, because of something called "methane slip", Comer said. This is where some gas is not burned, leading to emissions of methane, a climate gas far more potent than carbon dioxide. Methane traps about 80 times more heat than CO₂ during the 20 years after it is released into the atmosphere.

Ships should be using fuel cells and renewable hydrogen or methanol, which emit fewer greenhouse gases, he said.

The Icon of the Seas arrives in Miami before its maiden voyage. Photograph: Royal Caribbean

Concept image of Icon of the Seas, which features 20 decks, 24 different bars and lounges, seven pools and six water slides. Illustration: Royal Caribbean

When Icon was designed more than seven years ago, LNG was considered the "most promising fuel available at scale" said Nick Rose, a vice-president of Royal Caribbean.

"We consider it a transitional fuel that helps builds flexibility into our ship design and also helps us more easily adapt to different types of fuels as the market evolves and other scalable alternatives are introduced."

Icon was built to accommodate fuel cells, which produce electricity without combustion, to be used to power the lifts, but the batteries have not been installed due to a problem with suppliers.

Rose said the company was committed to finding and implementing alternative energy sources, including fuel cells. "LNG is one part of our alternative fuel strategy, along with biofuels, methanol and other energy sources like shore power," he said.

The vast ship has also been built to run on electricity supplied from shore when it is docked - a cleaner alternative to running highly polluting generators. Venice, Barcelona and Amsterdam are just three of the port cities to ban or curb cruise ships amid growing environmental and health concerns.

Marcie Keever, of Friends of the Earth US, said: "By building these megaships and using LNG, the cruise industry is moving in the wrong direction.

"Larger ships require more infrastructure at ports, destroying reefs and ecosystems in order to accommodate them."

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'Biggest, baddest' - but is it the cleanest? World's largest cruise ship sets sail

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Claims that Icon of the Seas, the vast new ship described as 'human lasagne', runs on clean fuel have been labelled greenwashing as LNG's methane emissions are a more potent climate gas than CO 2

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Harris accepts Democratic nomination and urges America to choose ‘freedom and fairness’ over Trump extremism – live

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Democratic nominee for president gave personal speech that talked about her upbringing, rise to the vice-presidency, Gaza ceasefire talks and danger of Trump

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O n November 5th Americans will go to the polls to elect their next president. Until June 27th it seemed a foregone conclusion that the match-up would be between the same two candidates as in 2020: Joe Biden, the Democratic incumbent, and Donald Trump, his Republican predecessor in office. But that night Mr Biden delivered a disastrous debate performance. It immediately made Democrats question Mr Biden's fitness for the job. On July 21st he bowed to pressure and withdrew from the race. He endorsed his vice-president, Kamala Harris, as the Democratic candidate.

Early polls after Mr Biden dropped out suggest Ms Harris is closer to Mr Trump than her predecessor was, but she is still trailing; one by YouGov/ The Economist on July 21st-23rd put Ms Harris at 41% and Mr Trump at 44%, while a New York Times/Siena poll from July 22nd-24th put her at 47% to his 48% among likely voters. Once there are sufficient polls to create a reliable average we will restart our tracker (for now we are reporting candidates' favourability ratings).

Ms Harris has gained the support of enough delegates to the Democratic National Convention to win the nomination. She will have little time to unite her party, fire up voters, and counter Mr Trump's campaign. Mr Biden's presidency has been defined by high inflation, big industrial-policy bills and turmoil abroad, things which Republicans will seek to pin on Ms Harris too. But she has one clear advantage over Mr Biden: her age. At 59 she is over two decades younger than he is, and 18 years younger than Mr Trump.

Our latest coverage of the race

Mr Trump, meanwhile, has a dismal record: supporters tried to overturn his election loss in 2020; he faces federal charges over his alleged participation in that scheme and has been convicted of felonies relating to his 2016 presidential campaign. On July 13th, at a rally in Pennsylvania, a 20-year-old man shot at Mr Trump, grazing the former president's ear and killing a bystander. After this assassination attempt, politicians of all stripes urged allies and rivals to lower the political temperature. Mr Trump, who showed rare restraint in the aftermath of the shooting, has since returned to his divisive rhetoric in speeches.

The Economist is tracking the race. On this page you will find favourability ratings for Mr Trump, Ms Harris and Mr Biden. We will update the page soon with more polls showing how Ms Harris and Mr Trump might perform in the popular vote, once sufficient data are available. You can also see historic polling data for Mr Biden and Mr Trump, key dates in the race and candidate biographies. Stay informed with our weekday newsletter, The US in brief. And if you are interested in contests elsewhere, see our election tracker hub.

Key dates

The campaign has already begun in earnest; these are the important dates to watch.

The candidates

Kamala Harris

Vice-president

Kamala Harris, at 59, is more than two decades younger than Joe Biden, whom she is likely to replace as the Democratic nominee. Her late mother was an endocrinologist born in India; her father is an economist born in Jamaica. In California she won stepping-stone elections as a prosecutor by leaning to the right on criminal-justice issues, while also appealing to Democrats, and was elected as the state's attorney-general in 2010. Since she came to Washington, first as a senator in 2017, Ms Harris has been most effective at debates and hearings, where her skills as a litigator are on display. She is a creature of institutional politics, not a visionary or an ideologue, and has struggled to define herself on a national stage. Her presidential run in 2020 crashed badly. As vice-president she owns the Biden administration's unpopular record, notwithstanding the major legislation it passed to onshore chip manufacturing and invest in green energy. If she is to beat Mr Trump she will need to answer his attack lines on immigration directly and lay out a more ambitious domestic policy agenda than Mr Biden was able to communicate.

Donald Trump

Former president

Donald Trump's extraordinary campaign follows his no less remarkable term as America's 45th president, which concluded shortly after his supporters staged an armed attack on the Capitol. His alleged role in instigating the attack and a broader effort to overturn results of the 2020 election resulted in two criminal indictments, in federal court and Georgia state court. He faces two others, totalling 91 felony charges. The 78-year-old denies all wrongdoing. Mr Trump is a billionaire who made (and lost) much of his money in real estate, before he became a reality-TV star. This time his campaign pairs familiar culture-war issues (building a border wall, "left-wing gender insanity") with fresh grievances (against the lawyers prosecuting his cases and the judges overseeing them). On July 13th a gunman shot Mr Trump at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania, grazing the former president's ear but otherwise leaving him unharmed (a bystander was killed). Afterwards Mr Trump briefly seemed a changed candidate, trying to present himself as a unifier in a speech at the Republican convention in Milwaukee. But he went back to his past ways quickly, throwing insults at his political opponents.

Sources: FiveThirtyEight; YouGov; national polls; The Economist

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Donald Trump v Kamala Harris: what the polls say

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The Economist is tracking the contest to be America's next president

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Un temps, les électeurs démocrates ont pu craindre que le retrait de Joe Biden sonne le début d'une compétition fratricide pour l'investiture démocrate. Mais, en quelques jours, Kamala Harris, ancienne procureure générale de l'Etat de Californie, est parvenue à récolter de très nombreux soutiens. Et ainsi à devenir, selon toutes probabilités, la prochaine adversaire de l'ancien président Donald Trump à l'élection présidentielle de novembre prochain.

Vice-présidente depuis l'élection de Joe Biden en 2020, Kamala Harris est une figure encore assez discrète. Ce manque de visibilité lui a d'ailleurs été souvent reproché, jusqu'à semer le doute sur sa capacité à porter les couleurs du camp démocrate dans la course à la Maison Blanche.

Dans cette vidéo, nous analysons ses convictions et son positionnement politique, parfois critiqué au sein même de son parti. Pour en savoir plus sur la manière dont Kamala Harris s'est imposée au sein du camp démocrate, nous vous renvoyons au décryptage ci-dessous.

" Comprendre en trois minutes "

Réutiliser ce contenu

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Vidéo. Qui est Kamala Harris ? Comprendre en trois minutes

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Vidéo - Après le renoncement de Joe Biden à l'élection présidentielle américaine, sa vice-présidente semble aujourd'hui la mieux placée pour représenter le camp démocrate et affronter Donald Trump en novembre.

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The Paris 2024 ambition is to host Games that create economic opportunities open to everyone, boosting local employment and entrepreneurship, and helping people develop new skillsets.

This also entails a 50 per cent reduction in carbon emissions compared to previous Games, and the implementation of a "less is more" strategy.

Innovative measures were taken very early, with the Paris 2024 Social Charter signed in 2019 with trade unions and employer organisations. A first in Olympic history, the Social Charter outlines 16 commitments, including exemplary working conditions, a commitment to social inclusion, and a focus on small and medium-sized businesses.

"We at Paris 2024 want to show that it's possible to have a new model for Games that are both spectacular and more responsible," said Paris 2024 President Tony Estanguet. "That's also what we've sought to do for the economic impact, by using a method that combines anticipation (with job mapping in 2019), co-construction with all the stakeholders involved, and precise and innovative assessment tools. The study just published shows that this rigorous method has paid off, particularly in Île-de-France, with significant results expected for both the strength of the local economy and for numerous projects - accommodation, sports facilities, green spaces, etc. - in areas like Seine-Saint-Denis."
Small, local and social businesses
Paris 2024 and Solideo (the Olympic Delivery Authority) have implemented a large number of initiatives, unprecedented for such a major event, to ensure that the EUR 5 billion of contracts benefit the entire economic fabric and all businesses, in particular very small ones. Some 78 per cent of Paris 2024 suppliers are small and medium-sized businesses, with more than 500 local businesses from the social and solidarity economy (ESS).

Organisers have also used the Games as an opportunity to elevate the profile of local companies globally, with 90 per cent of the Organising Committee's service providers being French.

Nearly 181,000 people are either working or set to work in roles connected with the Games, and the organisers aim to transform these opportunities into lasting and inclusive employment.
Methodology
The period from 2018 to 2034 was chosen to cover the entire lifecycle of the Paris 2024 Games, including preparation, staging and legacy. In the intermediate scenario, some 84 per cent of the impact was felt within the initial preparation and implementation phases until 2024, with the remaining 16 per cent coming in the final legacy phase.

The report follows the guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which were published in July 2023 to assist global sports, business and cultural event organisers and their stakeholders in monitoring, measuring and evaluating the social, economic and environmental benefits of their events using robust and evidence-driven methodology. An ex-post study will be carried out by the French National Government after the Games, using the same methodology.

The study was commissioned by the IOC.

More information
The economic benefits of hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games

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Independent study reveals Olympic Games Paris 2024 "economically beneficial" for host region

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The Olympic Games Paris 2024 are set to generate between EUR 6.7 and 11.1 billion in net economic benefits in the Paris region, with an intermediate scenario projecting EUR 8.9 billion in net economic impact, an independent study has revealed.

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Présidentielle américaine 2024 : quel bilan pour Joe Biden, après un mandat au goût d’inachevé ?

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Le démocrate s’est retiré de la course à la Maison Blanche le 21 juillet. S’il a été salué par son camp pour avoir relancé l’économie du pays, ses résultats mitigés sur l’immigration viennent ternir son bilan.

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Strengths

Diversified growth drivers

Large and young workforce with a good command of English

Efficient IT services

Expatriate and diaspora remittances, jewellery, garments, vehicles and pharmaceutical drug exports, and tourism and IT services contribute positively to current account

Low level of external debt and adequate FX reserves

Weaknesses

High corporate debt and non-performing loans (NPLs)

Net importer of energy resources (40% of primary energy needs from imports)

Lack of adequate infrastructure

Weak public finances (low tax-to-GDP ratio)

Bureaucratic red tape, inefficient justice system, protectionism

Widespread poverty, inequality and informality

Military confrontation with China and Pakistan

Climate impact on agriculture

Heightened communal tensions (Hindu-Muslim) and north-south political and economic divide

Separatist insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir

Strong growth momentum continues

India is expected to show slower but still robust growth momentum in 2024. In 2023, a combination of subdued global demand and a weak monsoon season have weighed on Indian exports and household consumption. Net exports were a drag on GDP amid global trade slowdown. Going ahead, weak external markets will however continue to weigh on Indian export growth. Private consumption growth will be supported by durable urban demand amid strong personal loan growth. An improvement in rural demand will materialise only if favourable weather conditions prevail and farm output improves. An easing of lending standards brought about by healthy bank balance sheets and election-related spending should support consumption.

Retail inflation saw a renewed push higher into the end of 2023, reflecting weather-related impacts on the main food and beverage segment, which accounts for nearly half of the consumer price index basket. Spiking prices for certain food items such as rice and onions due to an patchy monsoon led to strong inflationary pressures, which prompted the government to implement a combination of measures, including export restrictions, stocking limits, releasing government supplies, to tame prices ahead of the 2024 general elections. Furthermore, India continues to enjoy savings from discounted Russian oil imports. The disinflation trend should continue in 2024, but is likely to remain above central bank's target of 4%. Furthermore, food price volatility continues to pose upside risks to the inflation outlook, which should see the Reserve Bank of India maintaining its policy interest rate at 6.5% for at least the first half of 2024.

The medium-term outlook has brightened, bolstered by the push on infrastructure spending over the past five years which is also acting as a key growth catalyst. Capital expenditure rose to a record 3.3% of GDP in the fiscal year 2023-24 from 2.7% previously. Fixed investment (29% of GDP) continued to grow at a solid pace in 2023, contributing 45% of the GDP growth in the first three quarters of 2023, compared to 49% in 2022. Continued emphasis on infrastructure investment through flagship programmes such as the National Infrastructure Pipeline and the National Logistics Policy will play a crucial role in the country's capital spending in 2024. We expect the central government to set aside another significant amount for capital expenditure in the fiscal year 2024-25. The authorities' supply-side push towards manufacturing such as the Make in India initiative, a production-linked incentive scheme, a programme for semiconductor and display manufacturing, and continued supply diversification would also provide the impetus for private sector investments. Boasting stronger balance sheets after years of deleveraging, India's banking sector is also in a stronger financial position to support corporate lending to the infrastructure sector.

Fiscal consolidation to continue

The budget deficit has been shrinking since the pandemic-impacted surge to -12.9% of GDP during 2020. Fiscal consolidation is expected to continue. India's gross tax-to-GDP ratio is low at an estimated 11% of GDP in FY2023-24, compared to the Asia Pacific average of 19.8% and the OECD average of 34.1%. More careful targeting of subsidies and additional revenue generation (new taxes on asset sales) will be necessary to achieve a longstanding plan to narrow the fiscal deficit to -4.5% of GDP by FY2025-26. However, there will be spending pressures in 2024 arising from pre-election expenditure on fuel and food support through subsidy allocations. The budget deficit has been mostly financed by market borrowings through government securities and treasury bills (69%), but is also increasingly sourced from issuing securities against small savings (26%), which are public accounts that collect money from the public in savings schemes.

The current account deficit narrowed to 0.7% of GDP in the first three quarters of 2023 due to both a smaller merchandise trade deficit (6.5% of GDP) and a larger services trade surplus (4.4% of GDP) linked to IT services. Net outflows from the income accounts continued, reflecting payments of foreign investment income, but also a slowdown in remittances (1.7% of GDP) growth. India's main sources for remittances were the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Kuwait.

National elections

The ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won three out of five state elections (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh) in November 2023, giving a significant boost for the BJP ahead of a national general election due by May 2024, in which Prime Minister Narendra Modi will seek a third term. Modi remains widely popular after a decade in power, and BJP successfully broadened its popular support to include women and marginalised groups, building on its traditional Hindutva base. Furthermore, internal rivalries within the opposition alliance led by the Congress and a lack of a viable alternative social vision are brightening BJP's election prospects in 2024.

India's longstanding commitment to strategic autonomy is a cornerstone of its foreign policy and the country prefers to strike its own path in global geopolitics. While India has close strategic ties with the US and is part of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) with Australia, Japan and the US, it is the only major power to have membership in other organisations such as BRICS, ASEAN Regional Forum and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Meanwhile, tensions in the India-China border region have remained stable over the past three years after a deadly clash in 2020. But the threat of fresh conflicts will subsist unless the bilateral relationship improves. India has also deepened ties with Israel, reflected in its membership in I2U2 (Israel, India, United Arab Emirates and the US) and the India-Middle-East-Europe Corridor (IMEEC).

Payment

Due to the increasingly developed banking network in India, SWIFT bank transfers are becoming more popular for both international and domestic transactions.

Standby Letters of Credit constitute a reliable means of payment, as a bank guarantees the debtor's credit quality and repayment abilities. Confirmed Documentary Letters of Credit are also recognised, although these can be more expensive, as the debtor guarantees that a certain amount of money is available to the beneficiary via a bank.

Post-dated cheques, a valid method of payment, also act as a debt recognition title. They allow for the initiation of legal and insolvency proceedings in cases of outstanding payments.

Debt Collection

Amicable phase

Legal proceedings

Indian companies have a preference for amicable recovery methods, as the country's judicial system is both expensive and slow. There is no fixed period for court cases, while the average length is from two to four years. The statute of limitations is three years from the due date of an invoice. The statute of limitations can be extended for an additional three years, if the debtor acknowledges the debt in writing or makes partial payment of the debt.

Legal proceedings are recommended after the amicable phase, if debtor is still operating and in good financial health, is wilfully resisting payment, disputing the claim for insignificant reasons, not honouring payment plans or not providing documentary evidence.

Type of proceedings

Arbitration:arbitration can be initiated if mentioned in the sales contract - otherwise the case can be sent to the National Company Law Tribunal (the NCLT) for registered companies.

Recovery Suits:recovery suits tend to become a long, drawn-out battle and are usually regarded as best avoided.

National Company Law Tribunal:the NCLT was created on June 1, 2016. It has jurisdiction over all aspects of company law concerning registered companies. Its advantages are that it can hear all company affairs in one centralised location and that it offers speedy processes (taking a maximum of 180 days). It also reduces the work load of the High Courts. The NCLT recently enacted a new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. Decisions of the NCLT may be appealed to the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT). The NCLAT acts as the appellate forum and hears all appeals from the NCLT. Appeals from the NCLAT are heard by the Supreme Court of India.

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Enforcement of a Legal Decision

A local judgment can be enforced either by the court that passed it, or by the court to which it is sent for execution (usually where the defendant resides or has property). Common methods of enforcement include delivery, attachment or sale of property, and appointing a receiver. Less common methods include arrest and detention in prison for a period not exceeding three months.

India is not party to any international conventions governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. However, the Indian government has entered into 11 reciprocal arrangements, and judgments from the courts of these reciprocating countries can be executed in India in the same way as local judgments. For judgments from non-reciprocating territories, a suit must be brought in India based on the foreign judgment before it can be enforced.

Insolvency Proceedings

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, introduced in 2016, proposes two independent stages:

INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION PROCESS (IRP)

The IRP provides a collective mechanism for creditors to deal with distressed debtors. A financial creditor (for a financial debt), or an operational creditor (for an unpaid operational debt) can initiate an IRP against a debtor at the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT). The Court appoints a Resolution professional to administer the IRP. The Resolution professional takes over the management of the corporate debtor and continues to operate its business. It identifies the financial creditors and holds a creditors committee. Operational creditors above a certain threshold are also allowed to attend meetings, but they do not have voting power. Each decision requires a 75% majority vote. The committee considers proposals for the revival of the debtor and must decide whether to proceed with a revival plan, or to liquidate, within 180 days.

LIQUIDATION

A debtor may be put into liquidation if a 75% majority of the creditors' committee resolves to liquidate it during the IRP, if the committee does not approve a resolution plan within 180 days, or if the NCLT rejects the resolution plan submitted on technical grounds. Upon liquidation, secured creditors can choose to realise their securities and receive proceeds from the sale of the secured assets as a priority.

Under the current Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, the highest priority is given to insolvency resolution process and liquidation costs. Thereafter, proceeds are then allocated to employee compensation and secured creditors, followed by unsecured and government dues.

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India: Country File, Economic Risk Analysis | Coface

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Business environment analysis and country risk assessment for India. Strengths, Weaknesses, Economic indicators, GDP growth, Inflation, Public debt.

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Americans are maxed out. Nearly three out of four us say that inflation is impacting our ability to pay household bills, and according to Moody's Analytics, U.S. families are now spending $709 a month more than they did two years ago-with little to show for it.

Most of that increase is driven by rising household costs, from buying, to maintaining, to insuring, to storing. This proverbial squeeze has led Americans to realize the crippling amount of stuff they have and the cost it has on both their wallets and their state of mind.

According to a 2019 nationwide survey by Mercari, 63% of Americans say they have too much stuff, and more than one-third of Americans (37%) say they've experienced "extreme anxiety" due to a messy or disorganized home, closet or garage. More than one in five (21%) say they've actually lost sleep for this reason.

The effects are starting to bleed into culture. People are cutting things out.

The Resurgence of Minimalism Trends in 2023

We're seeing the minimalist aesthetic and mindset resurface through fashion, art, food and lifestyle indicators. From seven "Tiny House" TV shows, to viral TikTok beauty trends like " Skinimalism" and " Skin Streaming" to the resurgence of minimal art forms like organic minimalism and line art, cultural signals are pointing toward a less-is-more approach.

Defining Minimalism

Hardly a new phenomenon, minimalist thought runs through Ancient Roman architecture, Renaissance art and design movements in the 1960s and '70s. Practically, it's about owning and creating only what adds value and meaning to you and your loved ones-creating a more meaningful and fulfilling life through shedding excess.

Going deeper, we see broader socio-economic currents steering this behavior.

Socio-Economic Forces Behind Minimalism

Inflation and interest rates are impacting how people entertain and take care of themselves. Seventy percent of consumers are cutting back on nonessentials, from weekend outings to gym memberships to subscription services, resulting in a phenomenon that's often been called the "Great Cancellation." Younger consumers are also dining out less and having dinner parties instead-or just treating themselves to whatever is around (see our article on Girl Dinner).

Environmental Awareness and Minimalism

This summer's record heat wave has delivered a brutal reminder that our planet is in a climate crisis, with social activist brands like The Ocean Cleanup and Patagonia bringing sustainable product solutions-and business practices-to market. These efforts are resonating with consumers: A recent study by McKinsey reveals a clear and material link between Environment and Social Governance-related claims and consumer spending across various product categories.

Consumers Are Prioritizing Meaningful Spending

Here's the connection: Americans may be buying fewer things, but we're prioritizing our dollars on goods and services with greater meaning.

In the travel sector, we've seen how, in the last five years, Millennials have led the way in valuing experiences over things. But travel itself is also becoming simpler and more meaningful, as tourists focus on creating personalized experiences centered around one's core passions, like food, self-care, family lineage and ventures off the beaten path. Contrast this attitude with the typical smorgasbord of amenities that can make vacation planning overwhelming and stressful.

Brands reliant on sales of physical goods, meanwhile, are changing, updating or extending their offerings and experiences.

Mattel delivered the box office hit of the summer by transforming its physical Barbie doll into a Hollywood icon, resulting in a surprise profit amid lower toy sales. With 14 additional movies planned from American Girl Doll to Matchbox, their mission around " Purposeful Play " lends itself beyond focusing solely on concrete things like dolls, vehicles and action figures into more experiential offerings like games, shows and events.

For their part, automakers are already laying the groundwork to develop technology and services over selling personal vehicles, resulting in fewer liabilities and headaches for the consumer.

Trends in culture always shift back and forth, so it's likely that consumers will use minimalist principles when solving their problems throughout their daily lives. As rentals in big metropolitan markets continue to rise and companies like BentoLiving are reshaping the real estate market with small footprint lifestyles. Premium brands that hold minimalism and simplicity in mind while offering unique experiences-like Apple's Vision Pro-stand to gain over companies like Meta, whose products have been criticized for their complexity and artificiality.

Embracing Consumer Minimalism in Your Branding

With consumers reining in physical purchases, think about the ways that your products lend meaning to peoples' lives. Where are moments when you could extend the essence of your brand to improve someone's day? As we follow this trend forward, we'll watch how Americans continue to respond to squeezed budgets and increasingly personal choices in their everyday lives.

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Minimalism & Changing Consumer Trends: Make Your Product Essential to Add Meaning and Experience

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Discover how minimalism reshapes consumer trends. Adapt and thrive in a market driven by simplicity and sustainability with effective strategies.

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'Underconsumption core' trend may lead to economic slowdown

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"This is your daily reminder that most of the content you see online is not the way most people live," says sustainability influencer Sabrina Pare, in a video she posted to her 250,000 TikTok followers recently. "It is OK to be content with your simple life," she continues as she makes her bed. "It is not normal to do massive clothing hauls, daily trips to Target and have a new outfit every day. Nor do I think it should be aspirational."

It is one of a slew of videos that are surfacing online of people making a point of using and appreciating what they already have, or what they find on online hand-me-down groups, rather than showing new clothes acquired on the daily from Amazon or the next Stanley cup accessory, or the latest Dyson hairdryer. It's all part of a trend aiming to encourage people to reconsider how much they consume - say hello to underconsumption core.

Also called normal core or normal consumption, the movement is about taking on an attitude of mindfulness and "less is more" at a time when overconsumption is rife and TikTok is full of content encouraging users to buy things they don't need. Pare, who goes by @sabrina.sustainable.life on TikTok, says underconsumption core videos show items that "might not be the newest, but still work". Underconsumption core influencers, she says, are "showing items they have upcycled, ways they reduce waste, and things they have gotten secondhand. It's all about extending the life of your items, reducing the number of items you own, and being mindful of your purchases." Pare has been posting frequently about underconsumption core since the middle of July, which is when she says she began seeing it popping off on TikTok. It follows the deinfluencing movement, which started last year and encouraged consumers not to buy anything. Now, creators are proudly showing the use and reuse of everyday items and clothes they've had for years. In another of her recent videos, Pare shows how to extend the lifespan of your knives. It's not the most glamorous or compelling content on social media, but Pare's videos have amassed nearly 15m likes.

Mass consumption of new items has fallen out of favour among some shoppers. Photograph: Daly and Newton/Getty Images

Amid new "cores" popping up every day, which encourage mass consumption, underconsumption core is tongue in cheek. "The irony lies in the fact that underconsumption is a practice, while 'core' refers to an aesthetic," says trend creator and Depop trend specialist Agus Panzoni. How can you under consume when there is no codified amount you are meant to consume? And what does it matter what consuming less looks like - the point of the movement is surely in the doing, rather than what that looks like aesthetically?

According to Shanu Walpita, a trend forecaster who teaches in the communications department at London College of Fashion, "underconsumption core is a memetic antithesis to a consumerist hype cycle we have become accustomed to". It's a viral rebranding of conscious consumerism where people are flexing "luxe" slowness. Beyond this, it reflects a growing shift in consumer behaviour. "People want to lower the quantity of clothing they've purchased and focus on sustainable, and mindful purchasing habits," says Panzoni.

Underconsumption core is driven by several factors, including, "environmental awareness," she says. "The spotlight that has been put on fast fashion and its damaging impacts, as well as the global increase in desire to buy secondhand ... To quote a Brat commandment, directly from the messiah, Charli xcx: you should rewear an item to death '." According to Walpita, defluencing, defashioning and other de/core buzzwords have been hinting at this shift in consumer mindset for a while now. "Consumers are celebrating minimalism as a form of activism," she says.

But good intentions and "doing better" to one side, "there's no denying acute financial and economical constraints play a part in the advancement of this trend," says Walpita. As people have less money, many have had to foster more of a make-do-and-mend mindset.

Many people have long followed the reduce, reuse, recycle mantra. Photograph: Oscar Wong/Getty Images

Critics have been quick to highlight that the tenets of underconsumption core are nothing new. Although Pare says it feels good to see others posting the kind of content she has always shared - "I love this trend. I love to see how widespread it has become and how many people are participating." - she also points out that "lower-income individuals have been doing many of the things that are shown in these videos for ages". But rather than glamorising a certain way of living, she believes underconsumption core is normalising the way many people already live. "I think of my immigrant grandparents who don't waste a crumb of food. They would be very happy to see this trend," she says.

Walpita points to the ethical implications of underconsumption core. "It would be iffy to not acknowledge the fetishisation or glamorisation of poverty and class hierarchy," she says. "The irony is that there is an element of privilege to choosing to actively lean into underconsumption and turn it into a form of viral, sharable content." She says there's also little acknowledgment of the fact that this viewpoint negates the communities, such as those in the global south, where these practices are common (and not necessarily linked to poverty or class) - rather, they are cultural necessities and signifiers of care.

"A lot of people are responding [to the trend] by saying this is what it is like being working class," says Georgina Johnson, editor of The Slow Grind: Practising Hope and Imagination, an intersectional environmentalist anthology. According to Johnson, underconsumption core is missing cultural and racial nuance. In her experience, she has seen many trends besides underconsumption core take off that she considers to be inherently Black - "we haven't had so much so we've learned to reuse things." Still, she thinks it can be a positive thing. "It's just about how it's contextualised and who is given visibility around it."

Apps such as Depop make it easy for people to sell unwanted items and buy previously used clothing. Photograph: Su Arslanoglu/Getty Images

While Panzoni believes there are some positive implications, highlighting the way the trend promotes owning fewer possessions, she also understands why people might take issue with the way it "glamorises the experience of those who don't have the means to not engage in underconsumption core." But, she says, in the era of Temu and Shein, where new clothing and household items can be found at incredibly low prices, there's a net positive in a trend that encourages us to appreciate the look of quality, well-used products.

It speaks to a wider cultural shift, with people looking for ways out of mass consumerism. "People are starting to realise that consumerism can make us feel lonely because it pushes us to seek fulfilment and happiness in material possessions, rather than meaningful relationships," says Pare. "Many people buy things for fulfilment, but those feelings don't tend to last long, so then they buy something again, and it's a vicious endless cycle of consumption." True happiness, she says, comes from diving into hobbies and passions, spending time with loved ones and being involved in your community - not from Stanley cups and viral hairdryers.

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'It is OK to be content with your simple life': is 'underconsumption core' the answer to too much shopping?

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Influencers are pushing back against consumerism by encouraging followers to repair or repurpose their stuff. But is this 'trend' just what many people call normal life?

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Young people on social media are showing off their 12-year-old water bottles, sweaters from high school with patched holes and dish rags made from cut up old T-shirts.

It's all part of a trend that has taken social media by storm in recent months called "underconsumption core," where users boast about how they're continuing to make use of the things they already own and repurpose household items instead of buying new ones, all while saving money along the way.

"The underconsumption core is really refreshing to see because it's just making the best out of what you have," said Christine Lan, a Montreal-based content creator who showcases her lifestyle focused on underconsumption and being environmentally sustainable.

"(I like) appreciating everything that I have to the fullest and making sure when I do buy something, that it's made of good quality and will last."

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Lan initially found success on social media when she posted about how she made her own makeup instead of dropping serious cash at cosmetics retailers.

Experts say this trend of underconsuming is essentially a rebrand of minimalism, which has some roots in the current economic conditions and high joblessness that has particularly affected young people.

"If you don't have a job or if you're facing economic pressure, then certainly it's difficult to overconsume," said François Côté, CEO of online lender Fig Financial.

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Côté said many Canadians have been practicing the underconsumption trend for a while but social media has amplified and normalized the behaviour.

Canada's unemployment rate has been steadily rising, hitting 6.4 per cent in July, data from Statistics Canada shows, as high interest rates slow the economy. However, young people have been hit particularly hard, with the youth unemployment rate reaching 14.2 per cent in July.

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While youth unemployment is always generally higher than the overall population, the current rate is the highest non-pandemic reading in over a decade, a report from BMO Economics said.

Emily Gardner, vice-president of consumer products at Spring Financial, said more young adults are focusing on what's important to them and spending money more mindfully.

"Underconsumption core, that exact hashtag may pass," Gardner said.

"But I do believe the underlying idea of conscious spending and consumption is likely to continue to grow rather than just being a passing fad."

She added: "As economic challenges persist, people are more likely to adopt underconsumption practices - ways to live more sustainably and financially long-term as opposed to just a short tip-top trend."

Jennifer Wang, a pharmacist and content creator, has been talking about responsible shopping for years and focuses on educating her followers about how to determine the quality of clothing items. Her TikTok profile description says, "buy less but buy well."

Wang said the underconsumption trend should just be viewed as normal consumption.

"The overconsumption we see is usually from influencers who are promoting products," Wang said. But the average person is not consuming in that magnitude, she added.

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Wang said more people are realizing they don't need to spend money on items that won't get used over time.

But it can be difficult to defer an impulse to shop. Wang said she often pauses and asks herself some screening questions when considering buying an item - 'Do I have something similar already? Will I get good use out of this?'

She added that avoiding online shopping and buying in-person also helps her make better decisions about her purchases.

Omar Fares, a lecturer at the Ted Rogers School of Management at Toronto Metropolitan University, said there's a misunderstanding on what being a healthy consumer actually is.

More on Money Related videos

"The misunderstanding that minimalism in essence means 'Well, I don't really buy and I live in a very frugally. I just barely meet my needs,'" he said. "Over the long term, it creates emotional distress."

Fares said there needs to be a balance between utilitarian spending and not depriving oneself of the basics on the pretext of minimalism or underconsumption.

A realistic budget can help strike that balance, Fig Financial's Côté said.

Treat your personal life as a "mini-business," he said.

"Building a budget, understanding the money that's going out and having a plan are really the first steps," Côté said, to consume sustainably.

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It's easier to fall into the traps of the extremes - mostly overconsumption - when a budget is missing, he explained, and find yourself in a seemingly never-ending cycle of outstanding credit card payments.

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Youth flaunt 'underconsumption core' on social media. What's this new trend? - National | Globalnews.ca

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Youth are boasting about how they're continuing to make use of the things they already own and repurpose household items instead of buying new ones to save money.

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Last year's exam papers will be used as teaching material during classes, kholles and exams this school year.

You can use the 2022 and 2023 ones in the meantime if you want some practice. That should keep you busy!

All last year exam papers (2024 ones) will be provided to you here in spring 2025.

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As career counsellors, we often hear the phrase, "I just need to find my dream job." While having a clear idea of what you want to achieve is great, it's important to remember that your career is not a destination, but a journey.

The journey of your career is full of experiences, opportunities, and challenges that shape you into the person you are meant to be. It's not just about reaching a specific role, job title or post but instead, it should be about the skills, knowledge, and relationships you gain along the way.

So, how can you make the most of this journey? First, keep an open mind. Your career may take unexpected turns, and that's completely fine. You should always be ready to embrace new experiences and challenges in order to learn from them. Second, strive to seek out mentors, role models, and idols, who can provide valuable guidance and support throughout your professional journey, and help you navigate through life more efficiently. Third, make sure to set definite goals for yourself and do all that you can to achieve them. However, you need to be flexible and give yourself some room for growth.

Just like a good journey can be improvised, your goals may change as you gain new insights and experiences. Therefore, in order to experience satisfaction in your career be willing to adapt.

We'd like to end with the advice, "Embrace the journey, and enjoy the ride."

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Your Career is a Journey, Not a Destination

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As career counsellors, we often hear the phrase, "I just need to find my dream job." While having a clear idea of what you want to achieve is great, it's important to remember that your career is not a destination, but a journey.

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Durant le sommeil, Il approfondit ses connaissances et peut même découvrir des régularités nouvelles. Mais la plupart d'entre nous avons une dette de sommeil, et beaucoup d'élèves ne dorment pas assez pour bien apprendre. Nous devons tous réapprendre la valeur du sommeil.

Apprend-t-on pendant qu'on dort ?

Pas exactement - s'il y a des étudiants qui nous écoutent, et qui se préparent déjà à la rentrée, je peux leur affirmer que ça ne sert à rien, par exemple, de s'endormir avec des écouteurs dans les oreilles afin d'écouter des enregistrements de leurs cours pendant toute la nuit, en espérant que le cerveau les enregistre inconsciemment pendant la nuit. L'expérience a été faite, et cela ne marche pas. Durant le sommeil, les sons, les odeurs, et bien sûr les images ne sont plus traitées en profondeur, mais seulement de façon superficielle.

Quand on dort, le cerveau se coupe du monde extérieur - mais il ne s'arrête pas pour autant ! Pendant la nuit, le cerveau se concentre sur le monde intérieur : il réactive nos souvenirs, réanalyse nos journées passées, et consolide la mémoire de ce que nous venons d'apprendre.

C'est très simple

Normalement, plus le temps passe, plus on oublie. La mémoire immédiate est fragile et s'écroule de façon exponentielle. Imaginons que vous veniez d'apprendre une liste de 20 mots en chinois. Après quelques heures, vous n'en connaissez plus de 10. Attendez le double de temps, et il n'en reste plus que 5, puis seulement deux ou trois... Sauf que... cet effondrement de la mémoire ne survient pas si l'on dort ! Après une période de sommeil, même une simple sieste, la mémoire reste bien mieux en place.

La suite est à écouter

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Apprendre c'est bien, consolider c'est mieux

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Thème de la semaine : Dormir, c'est aussi apprendre. Le sommeil est une période clé pour l'apprentissage : chaque nuit, et également pendant la sieste, notre cerveau rejoue les événements importants des jours précédents et consolide leur apprentissage.

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A GROWTH mindset is the best strategy!

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Votre état d'esprit est votre arme la plus puissante. Que vous visiez la réussite professionnelle, le lancement de votre propre entreprise, ou même l'éducation de vos enfants, avoir le bon état d'esprit est ce qui fera souvent la différence entre le succès et l'échec. Et difficile d'évoquer cette idée sans parler de Carol Dweck , à qui l'on doit le concept de Growth Mindset.

Dans son ouvrage, sobrement intitulé "Mindset", la professeure de l'Université de Stanford décrit les traits principaux des personnes dotées du Growth Mindset. Elle y dépeint des profils convaincus que leur succès dépend entièrement du temps et des efforts qu'elles consacrent à leurs objectifs. Et persuadés que leurs compétences et intelligence peuvent être façonnées, améliorées, grâce à leur persévérance.

Que dit la recherche sur le growth mindset ?

Après avoir étudié le comportement de milliers d'étudiants, le Dr Dweck a développé les concepts de Growth et Fixed Mindset. Ces derniers décrivent les croyances sous-jacentes que nous avons à propos de l'apprentissage et de l'intelligence. Lorsque les élèves croient qu'ils peuvent devenir plus intelligents, ils comprennent que leurs efforts les rendent plus forts. Par conséquent, ils consacrent plus de temps et de travail à atteindre leurs objectifs, ce qui se traduit logiquement par de meilleurs résultats. Un véritable cercle vertueux de développement personnel !

Les avancées récentes en neurosciences nous montrent que le cerveau est beaucoup plus malléable que nous ne pourrions l'imaginer. La recherche sur la plasticité cérébrale met en lumière la façon dont notre expérience personnelle module la connexion entre nos neurones. De fait, nous pouvons augmenter notre croissance neuronale grâce aux actions que nous entreprenons. Comme par exemple mettre en place de bonnes stratégies, poser des questions, résoudre de nouveaux problèmes ou adopter un rapport à l'apprentissage continu (et non cantonné à nos études).

Growth vs Fixed Mindset : ennemis jurés ?

Le Growth Mindset : la clé des entrepreneurs ?

Si chaque entrepreneur (et projet entrepreneurial) est unique, beaucoup partagent les mêmes qualités. Notamment, un leadership fort, une appétence pour l'apprentissage continu, et une grande capacité d'innovation. D'ailleurs, ces qualités ne sont pas uniquement importantes pour les entrepreneurs. Elles gagnent à être encouragées auprès de leurs équipes, pour que l'organisation progresse rapidement.

Comment développer un Growth Mindset au travail ?

Remplacer l'échec par la notion de "pas encore"

Dans un cadre professionnel, il peut être difficile de voir ses échecs comme autre chose que ce qu'ils sont. Mais transformer ces derniers (qui sont d'ailleurs inévitables) en opportunités pour progresser vous soustrait à la tyrannie du présent. Et vous replace dans une perspective de croissance.

Définir des objectifs d'apprentissage et non uniquement de performance

La manière dont vous vous fixez des objectifs peut influencer votre état d'esprit au travail.

Se mettre constamment au défi

Si le Fixed Mindset privilégie la zone de confort, le Growth Mindset s'épanouit au contraire dans le défi et les opportunités d'apprentissage. Et deviendra ainsi le meilleur dans son domaine.

Rechercher les critiques constructives (et non pas les éloges)

Revoir régulièrement ses objectifs à long terme
Dans un monde qui évolue constamment (et de plus en plus rapidement), adopter un Growth Mindset est essentiel pour réussir et s'épanouir professionnellement. Les entrepreneurs comme leurs équipes seront ainsi encouragés à acquérir continuellement de nouvelles compétences pour s'adapter à ces changements (automatisation, intelligence artificielle) et rester compétitifs. Comme l'a démontré le rapport McKinsey , plus de 375 millions de travailleurs devront changer de rôle où acquérir de nouvelles compétences d'ici 2030. Raison de plus, s'il nous en fallait encore une, qu'un état d'esprit tourné vers la croissance est la clé de la réussite !

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Le Growth Mindset : nouvelle compétence phare des entrepreneurs ?

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Le Growth Mindset est un état d'esprit que l'on retrouve beaucoup chez les entrepreneurs. Décryptage d'un mode de pensée tourné vers la croissance

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Keir Starmer is a husband, father, and former lawyer who has fought for fairness his whole working life. He is now leader of the Labour Party of Great Britain.

For decades, Keir has stood up against the powerful on behalf of ordinary people who needed help. Keir is driven by his passion to make the world a better, fairer place for working people. This drive led him to stand as an MP and later become leader of the Labour Party.

The son of a tool maker

Keir grew up in a small town called Oxted, in Surrey. His dad worked as a toolmaker on the factory floor and his mum was a nurse for the NHS.

Like many families, they faced challenges. His mum battled a rare, severe illness for all her life. Keir spent lots of his childhood seeing his mum go into hospital, where his father who was devoted to his wife would always be at her side.

Despite the challenges this presented for Keir, he was hugely influenced by his mother's courage and determination to live her life despite her illness. It also gave him a deep gratitude for the NHS. To this day, he is certain of just how valuable our health service is.

Keir was obsessed with football and still plays 5 a-side every Sunday with friends. He describes himself as a "box-to-box midfield general," although his teammates may have different views. A lifelong Arsenal fan, he has a season ticket at the Emirates.

Keir studied hard to sit the 11-plus which he passed and went to the local grammar school. At 18 years old, Keir made his parents so proud by getting a place at Leeds University to study law, becoming the first in his family to go to university.

Standing up for ordinary people against the powerful

Keir got his qualifications as a lawyer in 1987 and began working as a barrister.

He spent a lot of his time providing free legal advice defending ordinary people against the powerful. He worked on some high-profile cases, taking on fights against the odds with Shell and McDonalds and working with the National Union of Mineworkers to prevent the Tories' pit closures.

After that, Keir was the legal advisor to the Northern Ireland Policing Board for five years. He helped make sure the Good Friday Agreement's recommendations were followed to help bring peace to Northern Ireland after decades of bloody conflict.

Family life

It was during this time when Keir first met his wife, Victoria, who now works for the NHS.

Keir and Victoria married in 2007. The couple have two children.

Serving his country

In 2008, Keir became Director of Public Prosecution. putting him at the head of the Crown Prosecution Service and its thousands of employees. He took the role because he wanted to serve his country and make it a better, safer place.

Keir's strong sense of justice and desire to stand up for those who needed a voice led his work as Chief Prosecutor. He helped bring Stephen Lawrence's murderers to justice; improved support for victims of sexual and domestic violence; and prosecuted MPs for misuse of expenses.

Keir received a knighthood in 2014 for his services to criminal justice. He invited his parents to Buckingham Palace for the event, who in turn brought along the family dog. His Dad said:

"We were the proudest parents there."

Standing up for working people with the Labour Party

Later in life, Keir's drive to make the world a fairer place saw him enter politics. He was first elected to Parliament in 2015, at the age of 52. He serves as the member for Holborn and St Pancras, where he has lived for many years with his family.

He was Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (2016-2020) and Shadow Immigration Minister (2015-2016).

In March 2020, Keir was elected as Leader of the Labour Party. He said:

"It is the honour and privilege of my life. I will do my utmost to guide us through these difficult times, to serve all our communities, and to strive for the good of our country."

Building a stronger future together

As we emerge from the pandemic, our country stands at a crossroads.

Down one path is the same old inequality of opportunity and lack of security. The very well off thrive, while the rest of us are left behind.

The Labour path is the promise of a better, brighter, more secure, more prosperous future. If you want to help us build a better country for working people, join us:

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Keir Starmer is a husband, father, and former lawyer who has fought for fairness his whole working life. He is now leader of the Labour Party of Great Britain. For decades, Keir has stood up against the powerful on behalf of ordinary people who needed help.

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CONCLUSION: Faites des erreurs! C'est bon pour apprendre.

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J'en serai presque à encourager les fautes, parce qu'en réalité, l'erreur est indispensable à l'apprentissage. Il vaut bien mieux que les élèves soient actifs et qu'ils fassent des erreurs (que, bien entendu, l'enseignant doit immédiatement corriger), plutôt que d'avoir une classe passive, endormie, et qui ne s'engage pas dans l'apprentissage.

En réalité, des décennies de recherches en psychologie et en intelligence artificielle montrent que l'erreur est à la source même de l'apprentissage

Savez-vous comment fonctionnent les réseaux de neurones artificiels comme ChatGPT qui savent désormais parler toutes les langues ? Ils ont appris en tentant de donner une réponse, même si au départ, elle est presque toujours fausse, et en corrigeant leurs erreurs. L'idée est la même que lorsque vous apprenez le tir à l'arc. Vous bandez l'arc, lâchez la corde... et constatez que votre flèche est partie trop à droite.
Qu'à cela ne tienne : vous pouvez utiliser cette erreur pour améliorer votre prochain tir, en visant un peu plus à gauche.
L'erreur est informative : en l'analysant en détail, vous pouvez remonter à sa source et l'utiliser pour progresser. Si vous n'aviez pas tiré... eh bien vous n'auriez rien appris. La même chose se produit dans les algorithmes d'intelligence artificielle et dans le cerveau.

Chaque erreur est analysée, disséquée, et propagée partout afin que chaque neurone impliqué se corrige et fasse mieux la prochaine fois. Les neurosciences ont révélé que notre cortex fourmille de signaux d'erreurs. La plupart des régions du cerveau émettent des messages spécifiques lorsqu'elles observent un décalage entre ce qu'elles prédisaient et ce qu'elles ont réellement observé. E teignez ces signaux d'erreurs, et l'organisme n'apprend plus.

La suite est à écouter...

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Faut-il éviter à tout prix les erreurs ?

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Aujourd'hui, on continue à dissiper les idées fausses sur l'apprentissage. Et il en existe une particulièrement perverse - c'est celle que l'erreur est une mauvaise chose, une faute, comme on dit en orthographe, comme si c'était un péché à sanctionner par une mauvaise note, voire une punition.

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CONCLUSION: Regarder un film sous titré en français ne vous apprend RIEN. Il faut le regarder en V.O. et si vraiment vous en avez besoin, sous titré en V.O! Sinon vous perdez votre temps...

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Je suis sûr qu'il y a, parmi nos auditeurs, des parents qui s'interrogent : que puis-je faire pour que mon enfant réussisse sa scolarité, que son année se passe au mieux ? Et les enseignants qui préparent leurs cours se demandent : est-ce que j'enseigne au mieux ? Est-ce que je pourrais améliorer l'efficacité de mon enseignement en m'appuyant sur les avancées des sciences cognitives et des neurosciences ?

Je leur répond qu'il existe, effectivement, toute une série d'astuces et de connaissances

Je les appelle " les grands piliers de l'apprentissage ", et qui peuvent les aider. Tous nos cerveaux sont dotés d'algorithmes d'apprentissage que nous pouvons tous apprendre à mieux utiliser - chez l'enfant comme chez l'adulte, d'ailleurs.

Ce corpus de connaissances est vaste, et je ne pourrai qu'effleurer le sujet aujourd'hui, mais je renvoie les auditeurs qui souhaitent plus de détails aux publications du Conseil Scientifique de l'éducation nationale que je préside. Au sein de ce conseil, nous sommes une trentaine de scientifiques à militer pour que la formation des enseignants aborde ces éléments incontournables sur la psychologie de l'apprentissage.
Et quel est le plus important ingrédient ? C'est probablement la mobilisation de l'attention.
La suite est à écouter...

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Qu'est-ce que l'attention, et pourquoi est-elle cruciale à l'apprentissage ?

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Peut-on apprendre mieux, et également enseigner mieux, en s'appuyant sur les grands piliers de l'apprentissage découverts grâce aux avancées des sciences cognitives et des neurosciences ? Quels ingrédients essentiels permettent d'améliorer l'efficacité d'un enseignement ?

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3 minutes à écouter. Conclusion: il faut se TESTER à la fin de chaque cours: qu'aie je appris? que dois je mémoriser? Interrogez -vous!

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Votre expérience sur le site radiofrance.fr risque d'être dégradée.

Un être passif n'apprend pas... En étant actif, oui ©Getty - Sylvain Sonnet

Hier Stanislas Dehaene expliquait que l'attention des élèves doit être guidée pas à pas, par instruction explicite, afin de ne pas les perdre en route. Beaucoup d'enseignants en déduisent que la meilleure solution est le cours magistral, que nous avons tous connu.

Or ce n'est pas vrai.

L'enseignement explicite, ce n'est pas ça. De nombreuses recherches ont comparé l'efficacité de différentes pédagogies, et elles ont démontré que le cours magistral n'est pas aussi efficace que d'autres pédagogies dites " actives ".

Comment définir les termes de " pédagogies actives " ?

Ce sont des pratiques qui maximisent l'engagement actif de l'élève à travers des questions, des exercices, des discussions, des travaux de groupe... Tout est mis en œuvre pour éviter l'écoute passive et promouvoir la réflexion approfondie et personnelle de chaque élève. Car, répétons-le, un organisme passif n'apprend pas. A nouveau, cela peut paraitre évident, mais ça ne l'est pas. Des expériences montrent qu'aussi bien les enseignants que les élèves se trompent : ils estiment qu'on apprend plus au cours d'un cours magistral qu'avec l'apprentissage actif - alors que le contraire est vrai ! C'est une véritable illusion : nous avons l'impression qu'un cours trop actif fonctionne moins bien : lorsque le cours est interrompu par de nombreuses questions, des débats ou des petits exercices, on pourrait croire qu'il offre moins de temps pour apprendre. En réalité ce sont, au contraire, ces moments d'interrogation, donc de doute, qui permettent l'engagement actif et la correction d'erreurs.

La suite est à écouter...

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Hier Stanislas Dehaene expliquait que l'attention des élèves doit être guidée pas à pas, par instruction explicite, afin de ne pas les perdre en route. Beaucoup d'enseignants en déduisent que la meilleure solution est le cours magistral, que nous avons tous connu.

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04 Sep 2023
We share five insights from the education sector which represent the current state of educational inequality in the UK, and demonstrate why widening participation is so important in the current climate.
In the advent of GCSE and A-level Results day, and as schools and universities gear up for the start of a brand-new term, charities like The Brilliant Club continue to tackle the lingering problem of educational disadvantage in the UK education system.

Students from the least advantaged backgrounds currently have a 2 in 100 chance of going to the most competitive universities, compared with 28 in 100 for the most advantaged (UCAS, 2023). This means that less advantaged students are nearly 14 times more likely to miss out on university study. And it's only getting tougher.

Here are five reasons why The Brilliant Club believes that widening participation should remain high on the agenda for schools, universities, policymakers, and the third sector:

More children than ever before are living below the poverty line and experiencing food insecurity at home and school, which is affecting their education and perhaps their future outcomes. A record number of 3 million pupils (around 1 in 4 pupils in England) are now eligible for Free School Meals - and this is a rising trend across every local authority.These statistics tell a bleak story about food insecurity and inequality in the education sector. Access to food is very important for a child's educational development: being fed and comfortable in the classroom allows a child to concentrate, to participate in discussions, and provides them with the energy to think about what they might want for their future. As a sector, it is important to recognise the reasons why a child might be unfocused or disengaged, and work to make sure that hunger does not remain a factor in academic success.

The attainment gap between the most and least advantaged students is at an all-time high. (NFER, 2022). In Wales, the attainment gap is even larger, and At KS2, students eligible for free school meals are now 7 months behind their more advantaged peers and by GCSEs, they are 18 months behind currently stands at about 22-23 months . But students who are experiencing persistent poverty experience a more serious attainment gap: in England the persistent disadvantage gap was equal to about 23 months of learning, while in Wales it was 29 months.On average, students eligible for free school meals achieve more than three quarters of a grade lower per GCSE subject than students with the same ability from better off backgrounds. Since the pandemic, these gaps in attainment have been getting wider every year. That's why our own programmes, such as The Scholars Programme and Make your Mark, work to build the confidence and skills to help young people to succeed at school and beyond.

1. Even for the less advantaged students who do overcome the odds to get the grades, their self-belief is at an all-time low. After Covid, 21% of disadvantaged high attainers feel they don't have much of a chance in life (The Sutton Trust, 2023). This underlines the importance of self-efficacy - a student's belief that they have the capability and competence to pursue their ambitions - to later life outcomes. The same study, for example, asked less advantaged students with high grades what they think they are likely to be doing in two years' time. When asked this, these students were 10% less likely to say that they thought they would be studying compared to their more advantaged peers.

2. We also know that for those who have the grades, and want to go to university, cost is increasingly becoming a barrier. For example, 27% of pupils from working class families, and 39% of those who have used food banks in the last year, say they do not intend to apply to university because they can't afford to go, compared to 19% of students with professional/managerial parents (COSMO Study, 2023).As well as this, 39% of pupils from families who had used a food bank in the last year said that they can't afford to go to university, and less advantaged students who do want to go to university are more likely to live at home during their studies. (COVID Social Mobility and Opportunities Study 2023). With soaring rent and food prices, and as maintenance grants fail to keep up with inflation, many students are already reporting that are struggling to find a place to live for when they arrive at university in September.

By 2030, UCAS are forecasting that there will be a million undergraduate applicants, up from 767,000 this year. This means that competition for limited university spaces will be fiercer than ever, and less advantaged students continue to be underrepresented at the most selective universities (UCAS, 2022).The rise in university applications might also present new challenges to the university community - if this means more students on campus, it will also mean more demand for accommodation and student support. As a sector, we need to make sure that less advantaged students feel that they belong on a university campus - that, despite resources being more difficult to access, they have the capacity to complete their studies. Our university transition programme, Join the Dots, works to build a network of support for less advantaged students who arrive at university to foster a sense of belonging and community for them on campus.

These are only five reasons why addressing educational disadvantage is so important. We are sure that you can think of more. As teachers revisit their stretched budgets this term, as children line up on playgrounds again, and as a new cohort of undergraduates arrive on university campuses, it is important that, as a sector, we keep these five reasons at the forefront of our minds as we work to tackle the inequalities young people face at school and beyond.

School, university, policy maker? Get in touch to discuss working with us: hello@thebrilliantclub.org
[1] Pupils are classed as "disadvantaged" if they were eligible for free school meals in the past six years, and "persistently disadvantaged" if they were eligible for free school meals for 80 per cent of their time in education. (EPI, 2023)

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Five reasons why we need to address educational inequality - The Brilliant Club

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We share five insights from the education sector which represent the current state of educational inequality in the UK, and demonstrate why widening participation is so important in the current climate.

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By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Purpose. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril. Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges while making our world more prosperous, productive, innovative, and secure. At the same time, irresponsible use could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud, discrimination, bias, and disinformation; displace and disempower workers; stifle competition; and pose risks to national security. Harnessing AI for good and realizing its myriad benefits requires mitigating its substantial risks. This endeavor demands a society-wide effort that includes government, the private sector, academia, and civil society.

My Administration places the highest urgency on governing the development and use of AI safely and responsibly, and is therefore advancing a coordinated, Federal Government-wide approach to doing so. The rapid speed at which AI capabilities are advancing compels the United States to lead in this moment for the sake of our security, economy, and society.

In the end, AI reflects the principles of the people who build it, the people who use it, and the data upon which it is built. I firmly believe that the power of our ideals; the foundations of our society; and the creativity, diversity, and decency of our people are the reasons that America thrived in past eras of rapid change. They are the reasons we will succeed again in this moment. We are more than capable of harnessing AI for justice, security, and opportunity for all.

Sec. 2. Policy and Principles. It is the policy of my Administration to advance and govern the development and use of AI in accordance with eight guiding principles and priorities. When undertaking the actions set forth in this order, executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, adhere to these principles, while, as feasible, taking into account the views of other agencies, industry, members of academia, civil society, labor unions, international allies and partners, and other relevant organizations:

(a) Artificial Intelligence must be safe and secure. Meeting this goal requires robust, reliable, repeatable, and standardized evaluations of AI systems, as well as policies, institutions, and, as appropriate, other mechanisms to test, understand, and mitigate risks from these systems before they are put to use. It also requires addressing AI systems' most pressing security risks - including with respect to biotechnology, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure, and other national security dangers - while navigating AI's opacity and complexity. Testing and evaluations, including post-deployment performance monitoring, will help ensure that AI systems function as intended, are resilient against misuse or dangerous modifications, are ethically developed and operated in a secure manner, and are compliant with applicable Federal laws and policies. Finally, my Administration will help develop effective labeling and content provenance mechanisms, so that Americans are able to determine when content is generated using AI and when it is not. These actions will provide a vital foundation for an approach that addresses AI's risks without unduly reducing its benefits.

(b) Promoting responsible innovation, competition, and collaboration will allow the United States to lead in AI and unlock the technology's potential to solve some of society's most difficult challenges. This effort requires investments in AI-related education, training, development, research, and capacity, while simultaneously tackling novel intellectual property (IP) questions and other problems to protect inventors and creators. Across the Federal Government, my Administration will support programs to provide Americans the skills they need for the age of AI and attract the world's AI talent to our shores - not just to study, but to stay - so that the companies and technologies of the future are made in America. The Federal Government will promote a fair, open, and competitive ecosystem and marketplace for AI and related technologies so that small developers and entrepreneurs can continue to drive innovation. Doing so requires stopping unlawful collusion and addressing risks from dominant firms' use of key assets such as semiconductors, computing power, cloud storage, and data to disadvantage competitors, and it requires supporting a marketplace that harnesses the benefits of AI to provide new opportunities for small businesses, workers, and entrepreneurs.

(c) The responsible development and use of AI require a commitment to supporting American workers. As AI creates new jobs and industries, all workers need a seat at the table, including through collective bargaining, to ensure that they benefit from these opportunities. My Administration will seek to adapt job training and education to support a diverse workforce and help provide access to opportunities that AI creates. In the workplace itself, AI should not be deployed in ways that undermine rights, worsen job quality, encourage undue worker surveillance, lessen market competition, introduce new health and safety risks, or cause harmful labor-force disruptions. The critical next steps in AI development should be built on the views of workers, labor unions, educators, and employers to support responsible uses of AI that improve workers' lives, positively augment human work, and help all people safely enjoy the gains and opportunities from technological innovation.

(d) Artificial Intelligence policies must be consistent with my Administration's dedication to advancing equity and civil rights. My Administration cannot - and will not - tolerate the use of AI to disadvantage those who are already too often denied equal opportunity and justice. From hiring to housing to healthcare, we have seen what happens when AI use deepens discrimination and bias, rather than improving quality of life. Artificial Intelligence systems deployed irresponsibly have reproduced and intensified existing inequities, caused new types of harmful discrimination, and exacerbated online and physical harms. My Administration will build on the important steps that have already been taken - such as issuing the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, the AI Risk Management Framework, and Executive Order 14091 of February 16, 2023 (Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government) - in seeking to ensure that AI complies with all Federal laws and to promote robust technical evaluations, careful oversight, engagement with affected communities, and rigorous regulation. It is necessary to hold those developing and deploying AI accountable to standards that protect against unlawful discrimination and abuse, including in the justice system and the Federal Government. Only then can Americans trust AI to advance civil rights, civil liberties, equity, and justice for all.

(e) The interests of Americans who increasingly use, interact with, or purchase AI and AI-enabled products in their daily lives must be protected. Use of new technologies, such as AI, does not excuse organizations from their legal obligations, and hard-won consumer protections are more important than ever in moments of technological change. The Federal Government will enforce existing consumer protection laws and principles and enact appropriate safeguards against fraud, unintended bias, discrimination, infringements on privacy, and other harms from AI. Such protections are especially important in critical fields like healthcare, financial services, education, housing, law, and transportation, where mistakes by or misuse of AI could harm patients, cost consumers or small businesses, or jeopardize safety or rights. At the same time, my Administration will promote responsible uses of AI that protect consumers, raise the quality of goods and services, lower their prices, or expand selection and availability.

(f) Americans' privacy and civil liberties must be protected as AI continues advancing. Artificial Intelligence is making it easier to extract, re-identify, link, infer, and act on sensitive information about people's identities, locations, habits, and desires. Artificial Intelligence's capabilities in these areas can increase the risk that personal data could be exploited and exposed. To combat this risk, the Federal Government will ensure that the collection, use, and retention of data is lawful, is secure, and mitigates privacy and confidentiality risks. Agencies shall use available policy and technical tools, including privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) where appropriate, to protect privacy and to combat the broader legal and societal risks - including the chilling of First Amendment rights - that result from the improper collection and use of people's data.

(g) It is important to manage the risks from the Federal Government's own use of AI and increase its internal capacity to regulate, govern, and support responsible use of AI to deliver better results for Americans. These efforts start with people, our Nation's greatest asset. My Administration will take steps to attract, retain, and develop public service-oriented AI professionals, including from underserved communities, across disciplines - including technology, policy, managerial, procurement, regulatory, ethical, governance, and legal fields - and ease AI professionals' path into the Federal Government to help harness and govern AI. The Federal Government will work to ensure that all members of its workforce receive adequate training to understand the benefits, risks, and limitations of AI for their job functions, and to modernize Federal Government information technology infrastructure, remove bureaucratic obstacles, and ensure that safe and rights-respecting AI is adopted, deployed, and used.

(h) The Federal Government should lead the way to global societal, economic, and technological progress, as the United States has in previous eras of disruptive innovation and change. This leadership is not measured solely by the technological advancements our country makes. Effective leadership also means pioneering those systems and safeguards needed to deploy technology responsibly - and building and promoting those safeguards with the rest of the world. My Administration will engage with international allies and partners in developing a framework to manage AI's risks, unlock AI's potential for good, and promote common approaches to shared challenges. The Federal Government will seek to promote responsible AI safety and security principles and actions with other nations, including our competitors, while leading key global conversations and collaborations to ensure that AI benefits the whole world, rather than exacerbating inequities, threatening human rights, and causing other harms.

Sec. 3. Definitions. For purposes of this order:

(a) The term "agency" means each agency described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(1), except for the independent regulatory agencies described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5).

(b) The term "artificial intelligence" or "AI" has the meaning set forth in 15 U.S.C. 9401(3): a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. Artificial intelligence systems use machine- and human-based inputs to perceive real and virtual environments; abstract such perceptions into models through analysis in an automated manner; and use model inference to formulate options for information or action.

(c) The term "AI model" means a component of an information system that implements AI technology and uses computational, statistical, or machine-learning techniques to produce outputs from a given set of inputs.

(d) The term "AI red-teaming" means a structured testing effort to find flaws and vulnerabilities in an AI system, often in a controlled environment and in collaboration with developers of AI. Artificial Intelligence red-teaming is most often performed by dedicated "red teams" that adopt adversarial methods to identify flaws and vulnerabilities, such as harmful or discriminatory outputs from an AI system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, limitations, or potential risks associated with the misuse of the system.

(e) The term "AI system" means any data system, software, hardware, application, tool, or utility that operates in whole or in part using AI.

(f) The term "commercially available information" means any information or data about an individual or group of individuals, including an individual's or group of individuals' device or location, that is made available or obtainable and sold, leased, or licensed to the general public or to governmental or non-governmental entities.

(g) The term "crime forecasting" means the use of analytical techniques to attempt to predict future crimes or crime-related information. It can include machine-generated predictions that use algorithms to analyze large volumes of data, as well as other forecasts that are generated without machines and based on statistics, such as historical crime statistics.

(h) The term "critical and emerging technologies" means those technologies listed in the February 2022 Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update issued by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), as amended by subsequent updates to the list issued by the NSTC.

(i) The term "critical infrastructure" has the meaning set forth in section 1016(e) of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e).

(j) The term "differential-privacy guarantee" means protections that allow information about a group to be shared while provably limiting the improper access, use, or disclosure of personal information about particular entities.

(k) The term "dual-use foundation model" means an AI model that is trained on broad data; generally uses self-supervision; contains at least tens of billions of parameters; is applicable across a wide range of contexts; and that exhibits, or could be easily modified to exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that pose a serious risk to security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters, such as by:

(i) substantially lowering the barrier of entry for non-experts to design, synthesize, acquire, or use chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons;

(ii) enabling powerful offensive cyber operations through automated vulnerability discovery and exploitation against a wide range of potential targets of cyber attacks; or

(iii) permitting the evasion of human control or oversight through means of deception or obfuscation.

Models meet this definition even if they are provided to end users with technical safeguards that attempt to prevent users from taking advantage of the relevant unsafe capabilities.

(l) The term "Federal law enforcement agency" has the meaning set forth in section 21(a) of Executive Order 14074 of May 25, 2022 (Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety).

(m) The term "floating-point operation" means any mathematical operation or assignment involving floating-point numbers, which are a subset of the real numbers typically represented on computers by an integer of fixed precision scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base.

(n) The term "foreign person" has the meaning set forth in section 5(c) of Executive Order 13984 of January 19, 2021 (Taking Additional Steps To Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities).

(o) The terms "foreign reseller" and "foreign reseller of United States Infrastructure as a Service Products" mean a foreign person who has established an Infrastructure as a Service Account to provide Infrastructure as a Service Products subsequently, in whole or in part, to a third party.

(p) The term "generative AI" means the class of AI models that emulate the structure and characteristics of input data in order to generate derived synthetic content. This can include images, videos, audio, text, and other digital content.

(q) The terms "Infrastructure as a Service Product," "United States Infrastructure as a Service Product," "United States Infrastructure as a Service Provider," and "Infrastructure as a Service Account" each have the respective meanings given to those terms in section 5 of Executive Order 13984.

(r) The term "integer operation" means any mathematical operation or assignment involving only integers, or whole numbers expressed without a decimal point.

(s) The term "Intelligence Community" has the meaning given to that term in section 3.5(h) of Executive Order 12333 of December 4, 1981 (United States Intelligence Activities), as amended.

(t) The term "machine learning" means a set of techniques that can be used to train AI algorithms to improve performance at a task based on data.

(u) The term "model weight" means a numerical parameter within an AI model that helps determine the model's outputs in response to inputs.

(v) The term "national security system" has the meaning set forth in 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6).

(w) The term "omics" means biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, that make up a cell or cellular system.

(x) The term "Open RAN" means the Open Radio Access Network approach to telecommunications-network standardization adopted by the O-RAN Alliance, Third Generation Partnership Project, or any similar set of published open standards for multi-vendor network equipment interoperability.

(y) The term "personally identifiable information" has the meaning set forth in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-130.

(z) The term "privacy-enhancing technology" means any software or hardware solution, technical process, technique, or other technological means of mitigating privacy risks arising from data processing, including by enhancing predictability, manageability, disassociability, storage, security, and confidentiality. These technological means may include secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, federated learning, secure enclaves, differential privacy, and synthetic-data-generation tools. This is also sometimes referred to as "privacy-preserving technology."

(aa) The term "privacy impact assessment" has the meaning set forth in OMB Circular No. A-130.

(bb) The term "Sector Risk Management Agency" has the meaning set forth in 6 U.S.C. 650(23).

(cc) The term "self-healing network" means a telecommunications network that automatically diagnoses and addresses network issues to permit self-restoration.

(dd) The term "synthetic biology" means a field of science that involves redesigning organisms, or the biomolecules of organisms, at the genetic level to give them new characteristics. Synthetic nucleic acids are a type of biomolecule redesigned through synthetic-biology methods.

(ee) The term "synthetic content" means information, such as images, videos, audio clips, and text, that has been significantly modified or generated by algorithms, including by AI.

(ff) The term "testbed" means a facility or mechanism equipped for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of tools and technologies, including AI and PETs, to help evaluate the functionality, usability, and performance of those tools or technologies.

(gg) The term "watermarking" means the act of embedding information, which is typically difficult to remove, into outputs created by AI - including into outputs such as photos, videos, audio clips, or text - for the purposes of verifying the authenticity of the output or the identity or characteristics of its provenance, modifications, or conveyance.
Sec. 4. Ensuring the Safety and Security of AI Technology.

4.1. Developing Guidelines, Standards, and Best Practices for AI Safety and Security. (a) Within 270 days of the date of this order, to help ensure the development of safe, secure, and trustworthy AI systems, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall:

(i) Establish guidelines and best practices, with the aim of promoting consensus industry standards, for developing and deploying safe, secure, and trustworthy AI systems, including:

(A) developing a companion resource to the AI Risk Management Framework, NIST AI 100-1, for generative AI;

(B) developing a companion resource to the Secure Software Development Framework to incorporate secure development practices for generative AI and for dual-use foundation models; and

(C) launching an initiative to create guidance and benchmarks for evaluating and auditing AI capabilities, with a focus on capabilities through which AI could cause harm, such as in the areas of cybersecurity and biosecurity.

(ii) Establish appropriate guidelines (except for AI used as a component of a national security system), including appropriate procedures and processes, to enable developers of AI, especially of dual-use foundation models, to conduct AI red-teaming tests to enable deployment of safe, secure, and trustworthy systems. These efforts shall include:

(A) coordinating or developing guidelines related to assessing and managing the safety, security, and trustworthiness of dual-use foundation models; and

(B) in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), developing and helping to ensure the availability of testing environments, such as testbeds, to support the development of safe, secure, and trustworthy AI technologies, as well as to support the design, development, and deployment of associated PETs, consistent with section 9(b) of this order.

(b) Within 270 days of the date of this order, to understand and mitigate AI security risks, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the heads of other Sector Risk Management Agencies (SRMAs) as the Secretary of Energy may deem appropriate, shall develop and, to the extent permitted by law and available appropriations, implement a plan for developing the Department of Energy's AI model evaluation tools and AI testbeds. The Secretary shall undertake this work using existing solutions where possible, and shall develop these tools and AI testbeds to be capable of assessing near-term extrapolations of AI systems' capabilities. At a minimum, the Secretary shall develop tools to evaluate AI capabilities to generate outputs that may represent nuclear, nonproliferation, biological, chemical, critical infrastructure, and energy-security threats or hazards. The Secretary shall do this work solely for the purposes of guarding against these threats, and shall also develop model guardrails that reduce such risks. The Secretary shall, as appropriate, consult with private AI laboratories, academia, civil society, and third-party evaluators, and shall use existing solutions.

4.2. Ensuring Safe and Reliable AI. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, to ensure and verify the continuous availability of safe, reliable, and effective AI in accordance with the Defense Production Act, as amended, 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq., including for the national defense and the protection of critical infrastructure, the Secretary of Commerce shall require:

(i) Companies developing or demonstrating an intent to develop potential dual-use foundation models to provide the Federal Government, on an ongoing basis, with information, reports, or records regarding the following:

(A) any ongoing or planned activities related to training, developing, or producing dual-use foundation models, including the physical and cybersecurity protections taken to assure the integrity of that training process against sophisticated threats;

(B) the ownership and possession of the model weights of any dual-use foundation models, and the physical and cybersecurity measures taken to protect those model weights; and

(C) the results of any developed dual-use foundation model's performance in relevant AI red-team testing based on guidance developed by NIST pursuant to subsection 4.1(a)(ii) of this section, and a description of any associated measures the company has taken to meet safety objectives, such as mitigations to improve performance on these red-team tests and strengthen overall model security. Prior to the development of guidance on red-team testing standards by NIST pursuant to subsection 4.1(a)(ii) of this section, this description shall include the results of any red-team testing that the company has conducted relating to lowering the barrier to entry for the development, acquisition, and use of biological weapons by non-state actors; the discovery of software vulnerabilities and development of associated exploits; the use of software or tools to influence real or virtual events; the possibility for self-replication or propagation; and associated measures to meet safety objectives; and

(ii) Companies, individuals, or other organizations or entities that acquire, develop, or possess a potential large-scale computing cluster to report any such acquisition, development, or possession, including the existence and location of these clusters and the amount of total computing power available in each cluster.

(b) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall define, and thereafter update as needed on a regular basis, the set of technical conditions for models and computing clusters that would be subject to the reporting requirements of subsection 4.2(a) of this section. Until such technical conditions are defined, the Secretary shall require compliance with these reporting requirements for:

(i) any model that was trained using a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²⁶ integer or floating-point operations, or using primarily biological sequence data and using a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²³ integer or floating-point operations; and

(ii) any computing cluster that has a set of machines physically co-located in a single datacenter, transitively connected by data center networking of over 100 Gbit/s, and having a theoretical maximum computing capacity of 10 ²⁰ integer or floating-point operations per second for training AI.

(c) Because I find that additional steps must be taken to deal with the national emergency related to significant malicious cyber-enabled activities declared in Executive Order 13694 of April 1, 2015 (Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities), as amended by Executive Order 13757 of December 28, 2016 (Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities), and further amended by Executive Order 13984, to address the use of United States Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Products by foreign malicious cyber actors, including to impose additional record-keeping obligations with respect to foreign transactions and to assist in the investigation of transactions involving foreign malicious cyber actors, I hereby direct the Secretary of Commerce, within 90 days of the date of this order, to:

(i) Propose regulations that require United States IaaS Providers to submit a report to the Secretary of Commerce when a foreign person transacts with that United States IaaS Provider to train a large AI model with potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity (a "training run"). Such reports shall include, at a minimum, the identity of the foreign person and the existence of any training run of an AI model meeting the criteria set forth in this section, or other criteria defined by the Secretary in regulations, as well as any additional information identified by the Secretary.

(ii) Include a requirement in the regulations proposed pursuant to subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section that United States IaaS Providers prohibit any foreign reseller of their United States IaaS Product from providing those products unless such foreign reseller submits to the United States IaaS Provider a report, which the United States IaaS Provider must provide to the Secretary of Commerce, detailing each instance in which a foreign person transacts with the foreign reseller to use the United States IaaS Product to conduct a training run described in subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section. Such reports shall include, at a minimum, the information specified in subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section as well as any additional information identified by the Secretary.

(iii) Determine the set of technical conditions for a large AI model to have potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity, and revise that determination as necessary and appropriate. Until the Secretary makes such a determination, a model shall be considered to have potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity if it requires a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²⁶ integer or floating-point operations and is trained on a computing cluster that has a set of machines physically co-located in a single datacenter, transitively connected by data center networking of over 100 Gbit/s, and having a theoretical maximum compute capacity of 10 ²⁰ integer or floating-point operations per second for training AI.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, pursuant to the finding set forth in subsection 4.2(c) of this section, the Secretary of Commerce shall propose regulations that require United States IaaS Providers to ensure that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products verify the identity of any foreign person that obtains an IaaS account (account) from the foreign reseller. These regulations shall, at a minimum:

(i) Set forth the minimum standards that a United States IaaS Provider must require of foreign resellers of its United States IaaS Products to verify the identity of a foreign person who opens an account or maintains an existing account with a foreign reseller, including:

(A) the types of documentation and procedures that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must require to verify the identity of any foreign person acting as a lessee or sub-lessee of these products or services;

(B) records that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must securely maintain regarding a foreign person that obtains an account, including information establishing:

(1) the identity of such foreign person, including name and address;

(2) the means and source of payment (including any associated financial institution and other identifiers such as credit card number, account number, customer identifier, transaction identifiers, or virtual currency wallet or wallet address identifier);

(3) the electronic mail address and telephonic contact information used to verify a foreign person's identity; and

(4) the Internet Protocol addresses used for access or administration and the date and time of each such access or administrative action related to ongoing verification of such foreign person's ownership of such an account; and

(C) methods that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must implement to limit all third-party access to the information described in this subsection, except insofar as such access is otherwise consistent with this order and allowed under applicable law;

(ii) Take into consideration the types of accounts maintained by foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products, methods of opening an account, and types of identifying information available to accomplish the objectives of identifying foreign malicious cyber actors using any such products and avoiding the imposition of an undue burden on such resellers; and

(iii) Provide that the Secretary of Commerce, in accordance with such standards and procedures as the Secretary may delineate and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of National Intelligence, may exempt a United States IaaS Provider with respect to any specific foreign reseller of their United States IaaS Products, or with respect to any specific type of account or lessee, from the requirements of any regulation issued pursuant to this subsection. Such standards and procedures may include a finding by the Secretary that such foreign reseller, account, or lessee complies with security best practices to otherwise deter abuse of United States IaaS Products.

(e) The Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized to take such actions, including the promulgation of rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq., as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of subsections 4.2(c) and (d) of this section. Such actions may include a requirement that United States IaaS Providers require foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products to provide United States IaaS Providers verifications relative to those subsections.

4.3. Managing AI in Critical Infrastructure and in Cybersecurity. (a) To ensure the protection of critical
infrastructure, the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, and at least annually thereafter, the head of each agency with relevant regulatory authority over critical infrastructure and the heads of relevant SRMAs, in coordination with the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency within the Department of Homeland Security for consideration of cross-sector risks, shall evaluate and provide to the Secretary of Homeland Security an assessment of potential risks related to the use of AI in critical infrastructure sectors involved, including ways in which deploying AI may make critical infrastructure systems more vulnerable to critical failures, physical attacks, and cyber attacks, and shall consider ways to mitigate these vulnerabilities. Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to contribute to sector-specific risk assessments.

(ii) Within 150 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury shall issue a public report on best practices for financial institutions to manage AI-specific cybersecurity risks.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce and with SRMAs and other regulators as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall incorporate as appropriate the AI Risk Management Framework, NIST AI 100-1, as well as other appropriate security guidance, into relevant safety and security guidelines for use by critical infrastructure owners and operators.

(iv) Within 240 days of the completion of the guidelines described in subsection 4.3(a)(iii) of this section, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall coordinate work by the heads of agencies with authority over critical infrastructure to develop and take steps for the Federal Government to mandate such guidelines, or appropriate portions thereof, through regulatory or other appropriate action. Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to consider whether to mandate guidance through regulatory action in their areas of authority and responsibility.

(v) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish an Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security Board as an advisory committee pursuant to section 871 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296). The Advisory Committee shall include AI experts from the private sector, academia, and government, as appropriate, and provide to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Federal Government's critical infrastructure community advice, information, or recommendations for improving security, resilience, and incident response related to AI usage in critical infrastructure.

(b) To capitalize on AI's potential to improve United States cyber defenses:

(i) The Secretary of Defense shall carry out the actions described in subsections 4.3(b)(ii) and (iii) of this section for national security systems, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall carry out these actions for non-national security systems. Each shall do so in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security may deem appropriate.

(ii) As set forth in subsection 4.3(b)(i) of this section, within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, consistent with applicable law, each develop plans for, conduct, and complete an operational pilot project to identify, develop, test, evaluate, and deploy AI capabilities, such as large-language models, to aid in the discovery and remediation of vulnerabilities in critical United States Government software, systems, and networks.

(iii) As set forth in subsection 4.3(b)(i) of this section, within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall each provide a report to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs on the results of actions taken pursuant to the plans and operational pilot projects required by subsection 4.3(b)(ii) of this section, including a description of any vulnerabilities found and fixed through the development and deployment of AI capabilities and any lessons learned on how to identify, develop, test, evaluate, and deploy AI capabilities effectively for cyber defense.

4.4. Reducing Risks at the Intersection of AI and CBRN Threats. (a) To better understand and mitigate the risk of AI being misused to assist in the development or use of CBRN threats - with a particular focus on biological weapons - the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), shall evaluate the potential for AI to be misused to enable the development or production of CBRN threats, while also considering the benefits and application of AI to counter these threats, including, as appropriate, the results of work conducted under section 8(b) of this order. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall:

(A) consult with experts in AI and CBRN issues from the Department of Energy, private AI laboratories, academia, and third-party model evaluators, as appropriate, to evaluate AI model capabilities to present CBRN threats - for the sole purpose of guarding against those threats - as well as options for minimizing the risks of AI model misuse to generate or exacerbate those threats; and

(B) submit a report to the President that describes the progress of these efforts, including an assessment of the types of AI models that may present CBRN risks to the United States, and that makes recommendations for regulating or overseeing the training, deployment, publication, or use of these models, including requirements for safety evaluations and guardrails for mitigating potential threats to national security.

(ii) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OSTP, shall enter into a contract with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct - and submit to the Secretary of Defense, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy, the Director of OSTP, and the Chair of the Chief Data Officer Council - a study that:

(A) assesses the ways in which AI can increase biosecurity risks, including risks from generative AI models trained on biological data, and makes recommendations on how to mitigate these risks;

(B) considers the national security implications of the use of data and datasets, especially those associated with pathogens and omics studies, that the United States Government hosts, generates, funds the creation of, or otherwise owns, for the training of generative AI models, and makes recommendations on how to mitigate the risks related to the use of these data and datasets;

(C) assesses the ways in which AI applied to biology can be used to reduce biosecurity risks, including recommendations on opportunities to coordinate data and high-performance computing resources; and

(D) considers additional concerns and opportunities at the intersection of AI and synthetic biology that the Secretary of Defense deems appropriate.

(b) To reduce the risk of misuse of synthetic nucleic acids, which could be substantially increased by AI's capabilities in this area, and improve biosecurity measures for the nucleic acid synthesis industry, the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of OSTP, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Director of OSTP may deem appropriate, shall establish a framework, incorporating, as appropriate, existing United States Government guidance, to encourage providers of synthetic nucleic acid sequences to implement comprehensive, scalable, and verifiable synthetic nucleic acid procurement screening mechanisms, including standards and recommended incentives. As part of this framework, the Director of OSTP shall:

(A) establish criteria and mechanisms for ongoing identification of biological sequences that could be used in a manner that would pose a risk to the national security of the United States; and

(B) determine standardized methodologies and tools for conducting and verifying the performance of sequence synthesis procurement screening, including customer screening approaches to support due diligence with respect to managing security risks posed by purchasers of biological sequences identified in subsection 4.4(b)(i)(A) of this section, and processes for the reporting of concerning activity to enforcement entities.

(ii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, in coordination with the Director of OSTP, and in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of HHS, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall initiate an effort to engage with industry and relevant stakeholders, informed by the framework developed under subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, to develop and refine for possible use by synthetic nucleic acid sequence providers:

(A) specifications for effective nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening;

(B) best practices, including security and access controls, for managing sequence-of-concern databases to support such screening;

(C) technical implementation guides for effective screening; and

(D) conformity-assessment best practices and mechanisms.

(iii) Within 180 days of the establishment of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, all agencies that fund life-sciences research shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, establish that, as a requirement of funding, synthetic nucleic acid procurement is conducted through providers or manufacturers that adhere to the framework, such as through an attestation from the provider or manufacturer. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OSTP shall coordinate the process of reviewing such funding requirements to facilitate consistency in implementation of the framework across funding agencies.

(iv) In order to facilitate effective implementation of the measures described in subsections 4.4(b)(i)-(iii) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Homeland Security may deem appropriate, shall:

(A) within 180 days of the establishment of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, develop a framework to conduct structured evaluation and stress testing of nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening, including the systems developed in accordance with subsections 4.4(b)(i)-(ii) of this section and implemented by providers of synthetic nucleic acid sequences; and

(B) following development of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(iv)(A) of this section, submit an annual report to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy, and the Director of OSTP on any results of the activities conducted pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(iv)(A) of this section, including recommendations, if any, on how to strengthen nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening, including customer screening systems.

4.5. Reducing the Risks Posed by Synthetic Content.

To foster capabilities for identifying and labeling synthetic content produced by AI systems, and to establish the authenticity and provenance of digital content, both synthetic and not synthetic, produced by the Federal Government or on its behalf:

(a) Within 240 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall submit a report to the Director of OMB and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs identifying the existing standards, tools, methods, and practices, as well as the potential development of further science-backed standards and techniques, for:

(i) authenticating content and tracking its provenance;

(ii) labeling synthetic content, such as using watermarking;

(iii) detecting synthetic content;

(iv) preventing generative AI from producing child sexual abuse material or producing non-consensual intimate imagery of real individuals (to include intimate digital depictions of the body or body parts of an identifiable individual);

(v) testing software used for the above purposes; and

(vi) auditing and maintaining synthetic content.

(b) Within 180 days of submitting the report required under subsection 4.5(a) of this section, and updated periodically thereafter, the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Director of OMB, shall develop guidance regarding the existing tools and practices for digital content authentication and synthetic content detection measures. The guidance shall include measures for the purposes listed in subsection 4.5(a) of this section.

(c) Within 180 days of the development of the guidance required under subsection 4.5(b) of this section, and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Secretary of State; the Secretary of Defense; the Attorney General; the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST; the Secretary of Homeland Security; the Director of National Intelligence; and the heads of other agencies that the Director of OMB deems appropriate, shall - for the purpose of strengthening public confidence in the integrity of official United States Government digital content - issue guidance to agencies for labeling and authenticating such content that they produce or publish.

(d) The Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, consider amending the Federal Acquisition Regulation to take into account the guidance established under subsection 4.5 of this section.

4.6. Soliciting Input on Dual-Use Foundation Models with Widely Available Model Weights. When the weights for a dual-use foundation model are widely available - such as when they are publicly posted on the Internet - there can be substantial benefits to innovation, but also substantial security risks, such as the removal of safeguards within the model. To address the risks and potential benefits of dual-use foundation models with widely available weights, within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall:

(a) solicit input from the private sector, academia, civil society, and other stakeholders through a public consultation process on potential risks, benefits, other implications, and appropriate policy and regulatory approaches related to dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available, including:

(i) risks associated with actors fine-tuning dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available or removing those models' safeguards;

(ii) benefits to AI innovation and research, including research into AI safety and risk management, of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available; and

(iii) potential voluntary, regulatory, and international mechanisms to manage the risks and maximize the benefits of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available; and

(b) based on input from the process described in subsection 4.6(a) of this section, and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce deems appropriate, submit a report to the President on the potential benefits, risks, and implications of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available, as well as policy and regulatory recommendations pertaining to those models.

4.7. Promoting Safe Release and Preventing the Malicious Use of Federal Data for AI Training.To improve public data access and manage security risks, and consistent with the objectives of the Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act (title II of Public Law 115-435) to expand public access to Federal data assets in a machine-readable format while also taking into account security considerations, including the risk that information in an individual data asset in isolation does not pose a security risk but, when combined with other available information, may pose such a risk:

(a) within 270 days of the date of this order, the Chief Data Officer Council, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall develop initial guidelines for performing security reviews, including reviews to identify and manage the potential security risks of releasing Federal data that could aid in the development of CBRN weapons as well as the development of autonomous offensive cyber capabilities, while also providing public access to Federal Government data in line with the goals stated in the Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act (title II of Public Law 115-435); and

(b) within 180 days of the development of the initial guidelines required by subsection 4.7(a) of this section, agencies shall conduct a security review of all data assets in the comprehensive data inventory required under 44 U.S.C. 3511(a)(1) and (2)(B) and shall take steps, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to address the highest-priority potential security risks that releasing that data could raise with respect to CBRN weapons, such as the ways in which that data could be used to train AI systems.

4.8. Directing the Development of a National Security Memorandum. To develop a coordinated executive branch approach to managing AI's security risks, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy shall oversee an interagency process with the purpose of, within 270 days of the date of this order, developing and submitting a proposed National Security Memorandum on AI to the President. The memorandum shall address the governance of AI used as a component of a national security system or for military and intelligence purposes. The memorandum shall take into account current efforts to govern the development and use of AI for national security systems. The memorandum shall outline actions for the Department of Defense, the Department of State, other relevant agencies, and the Intelligence Community to address the national security risks and potential benefits posed by AI. In particular, the memorandum shall:

(a) provide guidance to the Department of Defense, other relevant agencies, and the Intelligence Community on the continued adoption of AI capabilities to advance the United States national security mission, including through directing specific AI assurance and risk-management practices for national security uses of AI that may affect the rights or safety of United States persons and, in appropriate contexts, non-United States persons; and

(b) direct continued actions, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to address the potential use of AI systems by adversaries and other foreign actors in ways that threaten the capabilities or objectives of the Department of Defense or the Intelligence Community, or that otherwise pose risks to the security of the United States or its allies and partners.

Sec. 5. Promoting Innovation and Competition.

5.1. Attracting AI Talent to the United States. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, to attract and retain talent in AI and other critical and emerging technologies in the United States economy, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take appropriate steps to:

(i) streamline processing times of visa petitions and applications, including by ensuring timely availability of visa appointments, for noncitizens who seek to travel to the United States to work on, study, or conduct research in AI or other critical and emerging technologies; and

(ii) facilitate continued availability of visa appointments in sufficient volume for applicants with expertise in AI or other critical and emerging technologies.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State shall:

(i) consider initiating a rulemaking to establish new criteria to designate countries and skills on the Department of State's Exchange Visitor Skills List as it relates to the 2-year foreign residence requirement for certain J-1 nonimmigrants, including those skills that are critical to the United States;

(ii) consider publishing updates to the 2009 Revised Exchange Visitor Skills List (74 FR 20108); and

(iii) consider implementing a domestic visa renewal program under 22 C.F.R. 41.111(b) to facilitate the ability of qualified applicants, including highly skilled talent in AI and critical and emerging technologies, to continue their work in the United States without unnecessary interruption.

(c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State shall:

(i) consider initiating a rulemaking to expand the categories of nonimmigrants who qualify for the domestic visa renewal program covered under 22 C.F.R. 41.111(b) to include academic J-1 research scholars and F-1 students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); and

(ii) establish, to the extent permitted by law and available appropriations, a program to identify and attract top talent in AI and other critical and emerging technologies at universities, research institutions, and the private sector overseas, and to establish and increase connections with that talent to educate them on opportunities and resources for research and employment in the United States, including overseas educational components to inform top STEM talent of nonimmigrant and immigrant visa options and potential expedited adjudication of their visa petitions and applications.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall:

(i) review and initiate any policy changes the Secretary determines necessary and appropriate to clarify and modernize immigration pathways for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, including O-1A and EB-1 noncitizens of extraordinary ability; EB-2 advanced-degree holders and noncitizens of exceptional ability; and startup founders in AI and other critical and emerging technologies using the International Entrepreneur Rule; and

(ii) continue its rulemaking process to modernize the H-1B program and enhance its integrity and usage, including by experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, and consider initiating a rulemaking to enhance the process for noncitizens, including experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies and their spouses, dependents, and children, to adjust their status to lawful permanent resident.

(e) Within 45 days of the date of this order, for purposes of considering updates to the "Schedule A" list of occupations, 20 C.F.R. 656.5, the Secretary of Labor shall publish a request for information (RFI) to solicit public input, including from industry and worker-advocate communities, identifying AI and other STEM-related occupations, as well as additional occupations across the economy, for which there is an insufficient number of ready, willing, able, and qualified United States workers.

(f) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, consistent with applicable law and implementing regulations, use their discretionary authorities to support and attract foreign nationals with special skills in AI and other critical and emerging technologies seeking to work, study, or conduct research in the United States.

(g) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Director of OSTP, shall develop and publish informational resources to better attract and retain experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, including:

(i) a clear and comprehensive guide for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies to understand their options for working in the United States, to be published in multiple relevant languages on AI.gov; and

(ii) a public report with relevant data on applications, petitions, approvals, and other key indicators of how experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies have utilized the immigration system through the end of Fiscal Year 2023.

5.2. Promoting Innovation. (a) To develop and strengthen public-private partnerships for advancing innovation, commercialization, and risk-mitigation methods for AI, and to help promote safe, responsible, fair, privacy-protecting, and trustworthy AI systems, the Director of NSF shall take the following steps:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, in coordination with the heads of agencies that the Director of NSF deems appropriate, launch a pilot program implementing the National AI Research Resource (NAIRR), consistent with past recommendations of the NAIRR Task Force. The program shall pursue the infrastructure, governance mechanisms, and user interfaces to pilot an initial integration of distributed computational, data, model, and training resources to be made available to the research community in support of AI-related research and development. The Director of NSF shall identify Federal and private sector computational, data, software, and training resources appropriate for inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. To assist with such work, within 45 days of the date of this order, the heads of agencies whom the Director of NSF identifies for coordination pursuant to this subsection shall each submit to the Director of NSF a report identifying the agency resources that could be developed and integrated into such a pilot program. These reports shall include a description of such resources, including their current status and availability; their format, structure, or technical specifications; associated agency expertise that will be provided; and the benefits and risks associated with their inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. The heads of independent regulatory agencies are encouraged to take similar steps, as they deem appropriate.

(ii) Within 150 days of the date of this order, fund and launch at least one NSF Regional Innovation Engine that prioritizes AI-related work, such as AI-related research, societal, or workforce needs.

(iii) Within 540 days of the date of this order, establish at least four new National AI Research Institutes, in addition to the 25 currently funded as of the date of this order.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, to support activities involving high-performance and data-intensive computing, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Director of NSF, shall, in a manner consistent with applicable law and available appropriations, establish a pilot program to enhance existing successful training programs for scientists, with the goal of training 500 new researchers by 2025 capable of meeting the rising demand for AI talent.

(c) To promote innovation and clarify issues related to AI and inventorship of patentable subject matter, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO Director) shall:

(i) within 120 days of the date of this order, publish guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants addressing inventorship and the use of AI, including generative AI, in the inventive process, including illustrative examples in which AI systems play different roles in inventive processes and how, in each example, inventorship issues ought to be analyzed;

(ii) subsequently, within 270 days of the date of this order, issue additional guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants to address other considerations at the intersection of AI and IP, which could include, as the USPTO Director deems necessary, updated guidance on patent eligibility to address innovation in AI and critical and emerging technologies; and

(iii) within 270 days of the date of this order or 180 days after the United States Copyright Office of the Library of Congress publishes its forthcoming AI study that will address copyright issues raised by AI, whichever comes later, consult with the Director of the United States Copyright Office and issue recommendations to the President on potential executive actions relating to copyright and AI. The recommendations shall address any copyright and related issues discussed in the United States Copyright Office's study, including the scope of protection for works produced using AI and the treatment of copyrighted works in AI training.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to assist developers of AI in combatting AI-related IP risks, the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Director of the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center, and in consultation with the Attorney General, shall develop a training, analysis, and evaluation program to mitigate AI-related IP risks. Such a program shall:

(i) include appropriate personnel dedicated to collecting and analyzing reports of AI-related IP theft, investigating such incidents with implications for national security, and, where appropriate and consistent with applicable law, pursuing related enforcement actions;

(ii) implement a policy of sharing information and coordinating on such work, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation; United States Customs and Border Protection; other agencies; State and local agencies; and appropriate international organizations, including through work-sharing agreements;

(iii) develop guidance and other appropriate resources to assist private sector actors with mitigating the risks of AI-related IP theft;

(iv) share information and best practices with AI developers and law enforcement personnel to identify incidents, inform stakeholders of current legal requirements, and evaluate AI systems for IP law violations, as well as develop mitigation strategies and resources; and

(v) assist the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator in updating the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement to address AI-related issues.

(e) To advance responsible AI innovation by a wide range of healthcare technology developers that promotes the welfare of patients and workers in the healthcare sector, the Secretary of HHS shall identify and, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law and the activities directed in section 8 of this order, prioritize grantmaking and other awards, as well as undertake related efforts, to support responsible AI development and use, including:

(i) collaborating with appropriate private sector actors through HHS programs that may support the advancement of AI-enabled tools that develop personalized immune-response profiles for patients, consistent with section 4 of this order;

(ii) prioritizing the allocation of 2024 Leading Edge Acceleration Project cooperative agreement awards to initiatives that explore ways to improve healthcare-data quality to support the responsible development of AI tools for clinical care, real-world-evidence programs, population health, public health, and related research; and

(iii) accelerating grants awarded through the National Institutes of Health Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Consortium to Advance Health Equity and Researcher Diversity (AIM-AHEAD) program and showcasing current AIM-AHEAD activities in underserved communities.

(f) To advance the development of AI systems that improve the quality of veterans' healthcare, and in order to support small businesses' innovative capacity, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall:

(i) within 365 days of the date of this order, host two 3-month nationwide AI Tech Sprint competitions; and

(ii) as part of the AI Tech Sprint competitions and in collaboration with appropriate partners, provide participants access to technical assistance, mentorship opportunities, individualized expert feedback on products under development, potential contract opportunities, and other programming and resources.

(g) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to support the goal of strengthening our Nation's resilience against climate change impacts and building an equitable clean energy economy for the future, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Chair of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Director of OSTP, the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, the Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Energy may deem appropriate, shall:

(i) issue a public report describing the potential for AI to improve planning, permitting, investment, and operations for electric grid infrastructure and to enable the provision of clean, affordable, reliable, resilient, and secure electric power to all Americans;

(ii) develop tools that facilitate building foundation models useful for basic and applied science, including models that streamline permitting and environmental reviews while improving environmental and social outcomes;

(iii) collaborate, as appropriate, with private sector organizations and members of academia to support development of AI tools to mitigate climate change risks;

(iv) take steps to expand partnerships with industry, academia, other agencies, and international allies and partners to utilize the Department of Energy's computing capabilities and AI testbeds to build foundation models that support new applications in science and energy, and for national security, including partnerships that increase community preparedness for climate-related risks, enable clean-energy deployment (including addressing delays in permitting reviews), and enhance grid reliability and resilience; and

(v) establish an office to coordinate development of AI and other critical and emerging technologies across Department of Energy programs and the 17 National Laboratories.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to understand AI's implications for scientific research, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology shall submit to the President and make publicly available a report on the potential role of AI, especially given recent developments in AI, in research aimed at tackling major societal and global challenges. The report shall include a discussion of issues that may hinder the effective use of AI in research and practices needed to ensure that AI is used responsibly for research.

5.3. Promoting Competition. (a) The head of each agency developing policies and regulations related to AI shall use their authorities, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to promote competition in AI and related technologies, as well as in other markets. Such actions include addressing risks arising from concentrated control of key inputs, taking steps to stop unlawful collusion and prevent dominant firms from disadvantaging competitors, and working to provide new opportunities for small businesses and entrepreneurs. In particular, the Federal Trade Commission is encouraged to consider, as it deems appropriate, whether to exercise the Commission's existing authorities, including its rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. 41 et seq., to ensure fair competition in the AI marketplace and to ensure that consumers and workers are protected from harms that may be enabled by the use of AI.

(b) To promote competition and innovation in the semiconductor industry, recognizing that semiconductors power AI technologies and that their availability is critical to AI competition, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in implementing division A of Public Law 117-167, known as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) Act of 2022, promote competition by:

(i) implementing a flexible membership structure for the National Semiconductor Technology Center that attracts all parts of the semiconductor and microelectronics ecosystem, including startups and small firms;

(ii) implementing mentorship programs to increase interest and participation in the semiconductor industry, including from workers in underserved communities;

(iii) increasing, where appropriate and to the extent permitted by law, the availability of resources to startups and small businesses, including:

(A) funding for physical assets, such as specialty equipment or facilities, to which startups and small businesses may not otherwise have access;

(B) datasets - potentially including test and performance data - collected, aggregated, or shared by CHIPS research and development programs;

(C) workforce development programs;

(D) design and process technology, as well as IP, as appropriate; and

(E) other resources, including technical and intellectual property assistance, that could accelerate commercialization of new technologies by startups and small businesses, as appropriate; and

(iv) considering the inclusion, to the maximum extent possible, and as consistent with applicable law, of competition-increasing measures in notices of funding availability for commercial research-and-development facilities focused on semiconductors, including measures that increase access to facility capacity for startups or small firms developing semiconductors used to power AI technologies.

(c) To support small businesses innovating and commercializing AI, as well as in responsibly adopting and deploying AI, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration shall:

(i) prioritize the allocation of Regional Innovation Cluster program funding for clusters that support planning activities related to the establishment of one or more Small Business AI Innovation and Commercialization Institutes that provide support, technical assistance, and other resources to small businesses seeking to innovate, commercialize, scale, or otherwise advance the development of AI;

(ii) prioritize the allocation of up to $2 million in Growth Accelerator Fund Competition bonus prize funds for accelerators that support the incorporation or expansion of AI-related curricula, training, and technical assistance, or other AI-related resources within their programming; and

(iii) assess the extent to which the eligibility criteria of existing programs, including the State Trade Expansion Program, Technical and Business Assistance funding, and capital-access programs - such as the 7(a) loan program, 504 loan program, and Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program - support appropriate expenses by small businesses related to the adoption of AI and, if feasible and appropriate, revise eligibility criteria to improve support for these expenses.

(d) The Administrator of the Small Business Administration, in coordination with resource partners, shall conduct outreach regarding, and raise awareness of, opportunities for small businesses to use capital-access programs described in subsection 5.3(c) of this section for eligible AI-related purposes, and for eligible investment funds with AI-related expertise - particularly those seeking to serve or with experience serving underserved communities - to apply for an SBIC license.

Sec. 6. Supporting Workers.(a) To advance the Government's understanding of AI's implications for workers, the following actions shall be taken within 180 days of the date of this order:

(i) The Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers shall prepare and submit a report to the President on the labor-market effects of AI.

(ii) To evaluate necessary steps for the Federal Government to address AI-related workforce disruptions, the Secretary of Labor shall submit to the President a report analyzing the abilities of agencies to support workers displaced by the adoption of AI and other technological advancements. The report shall, at a minimum:

(A) assess how current or formerly operational Federal programs designed to assist workers facing job disruptions - including unemployment insurance and programs authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (Public Law 113-128) - could be used to respond to possible future AI-related disruptions; and

(B) identify options, including potential legislative measures, to strengthen or develop additional Federal support for workers displaced by AI and, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Education, strengthen and expand education and training opportunities that provide individuals pathways to occupations related to AI.

(b) To help ensure that AI deployed in the workplace advances employees' well-being:

(i) The Secretary of Labor shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and in consultation with other agencies and with outside entities, including labor unions and workers, as the Secretary of Labor deems appropriate, develop and publish principles and best practices for employers that could be used to mitigate AI's potential harms to employees' well-being and maximize its potential benefits. The principles and best practices shall include specific steps for employers to take with regard to AI, and shall cover, at a minimum:

(A) job-displacement risks and career opportunities related to AI, including effects on job skills and evaluation of applicants and workers;

(B) labor standards and job quality, including issues related to the equity, protected-activity, compensation, health, and safety implications of AI in the workplace; and

(C) implications for workers of employers' AI-related collection and use of data about them, including transparency, engagement, management, and activity protected under worker-protection laws.

(ii) After principles and best practices are developed pursuant to subsection (b)(i) of this section, the heads of agencies shall consider, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, encouraging the adoption of these guidelines in their programs to the extent appropriate for each program and consistent with applicable law.

(iii) To support employees whose work is monitored or augmented by AI in being compensated appropriately for all of their work time, the Secretary of Labor shall issue guidance to make clear that employers that deploy AI to monitor or augment employees' work must continue to comply with protections that ensure that workers are compensated for their hours worked, as defined under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq., and other legal requirements.

(c) To foster a diverse AI-ready workforce, the Director of NSF shall prioritize available resources to support AI-related education and AI-related workforce development through existing programs. The Director shall additionally consult with agencies, as appropriate, to identify further opportunities for agencies to allocate resources for those purposes. The actions by the Director shall use appropriate fellowship programs and awards for these purposes.

Sec. 7. Advancing Equity and Civil Rights.

7.1. Strengthening AI and Civil Rights in the Criminal Justice System. (a) To address unlawful discrimination and other harms that may be exacerbated by AI, the Attorney General shall:

(i) consistent with Executive Order 12250 of November 2, 1980 (Leadership and Coordination of Nondiscrimination Laws), Executive Order 14091, and 28 C.F.R. 0.50-51, coordinate with and support agencies in their implementation and enforcement of existing Federal laws to address civil rights and civil liberties violations and discrimination related to AI;

(ii) direct the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Rights Division to convene, within 90 days of the date of this order, a meeting of the heads of Federal civil rights offices - for which meeting the heads of civil rights offices within independent regulatory agencies will be encouraged to join - to discuss comprehensive use of their respective authorities and offices to: prevent and address discrimination in the use of automated systems, including algorithmic discrimination; increase coordination between the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division and Federal civil rights offices concerning issues related to AI and algorithmic discrimination; improve external stakeholder engagement to promote public awareness of potential discriminatory uses and effects of AI; and develop, as appropriate, additional training, technical assistance, guidance, or other resources; and

(iii) consider providing, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, guidance, technical assistance, and training to State, local, Tribal, and territorial investigators and prosecutors on best practices for investigating and prosecuting civil rights violations and discrimination related to automated systems, including AI.

(b) To promote the equitable treatment of individuals and adhere to the Federal Government's fundamental obligation to ensure fair and impartial justice for all, with respect to the use of AI in the criminal justice system, the Attorney General shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Director of OSTP:

(i) within 365 days of the date of this order, submit to the President a report that addresses the use of AI in the criminal justice system, including any use in:

(A) sentencing;

(B) parole, supervised release, and probation;

(C) bail, pretrial release, and pretrial detention;

(D) risk assessments, including pretrial, earned time, and early release or transfer to home-confinement determinations;

(E) police surveillance;

(F) crime forecasting and predictive policing, including the ingestion of historical crime data into AI systems to predict high-density "hot spots";

(G) prison-management tools; and

(H) forensic analysis;

(ii) within the report set forth in subsection 7.1(b)(i) of this section:

(A) identify areas where AI can enhance law enforcement efficiency and accuracy, consistent with protections for privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties; and

(B) recommend best practices for law enforcement agencies, including safeguards and appropriate use limits for AI, to address the concerns set forth in section 13(e)(i) of Executive Order 14074 as well as the best practices and the guidelines set forth in section 13(e)(iii) of Executive Order 14074; and

(iii) supplement the report set forth in subsection 7.1(b)(i) of this section as appropriate with recommendations to the President, including with respect to requests for necessary legislation.

(c) To advance the presence of relevant technical experts and expertise (such as machine-learning engineers, software and infrastructure engineering, data privacy experts, data scientists, and user experience researchers) among law enforcement professionals:

(i) The interagency working group created pursuant to section 3 of Executive Order 14074 shall, within 180 days of the date of this order, identify and share best practices for recruiting and hiring law enforcement professionals who have the technical skills mentioned in subsection 7.1(c) of this section, and for training law enforcement professionals about responsible application of AI.

(ii) Within 270 days of the date of this order, the Attorney General shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, consider those best practices and the guidance developed under section 3(d) of Executive Order 14074 and, if necessary, develop additional general recommendations for State, local, Tribal, and territorial law enforcement agencies and criminal justice agencies seeking to recruit, hire, train, promote, and retain highly qualified and service-oriented officers and staff with relevant technical knowledge. In considering this guidance, the Attorney General shall consult with State, local, Tribal, and territorial law enforcement agencies, as appropriate.

(iii) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Attorney General shall review the work conducted pursuant to section 2(b) of Executive Order 14074 and, if appropriate, reassess the existing capacity to investigate law enforcement deprivation of rights under color of law resulting from the use of AI, including through improving and increasing training of Federal law enforcement officers, their supervisors, and Federal prosecutors on how to investigate and prosecute cases related to AI involving the deprivation of rights under color of law pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 242.

7.2. Protecting Civil Rights Related to Government Benefits and Programs. (a) To advance equity and civil rights, consistent with the directives of Executive Order 14091, and in addition to complying with the guidance on Federal Government use of AI issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, agencies shall use their respective civil rights and civil liberties offices and authorities - as appropriate and consistent with applicable law - to prevent and address unlawful discrimination and other harms that result from uses of AI in Federal Government programs and benefits administration. This directive does not apply to agencies' civil or criminal enforcement authorities. Agencies shall consider opportunities to ensure that their respective civil rights and civil liberties offices are appropriately consulted on agency decisions regarding the design, development, acquisition, and use of AI in Federal Government programs and benefits administration. To further these objectives, agencies shall also consider opportunities to increase coordination, communication, and engagement about AI as appropriate with community-based organizations; civil-rights and civil-liberties organizations; academic institutions; industry; State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments; and other stakeholders.

(b) To promote equitable administration of public benefits:

(i) The Secretary of HHS shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and in consultation with relevant agencies, publish a plan, informed by the guidance issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, addressing the use of automated or algorithmic systems in the implementation by States and localities of public benefits and services administered by the Secretary, such as to promote: assessment of access to benefits by qualified recipients; notice to recipients about the presence of such systems; regular evaluation to detect unjust denials; processes to retain appropriate levels of discretion of expert agency staff; processes to appeal denials to human reviewers; and analysis of whether algorithmic systems in use by benefit programs achieve equitable and just outcomes.

(ii) The Secretary of Agriculture shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and as informed by the guidance issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, issue guidance to State, local, Tribal, and territorial public-benefits administrators on the use of automated or algorithmic systems in implementing benefits or in providing customer support for benefit programs administered by the Secretary, to ensure that programs using those systems:

(A) maximize program access for eligible recipients;

(B) employ automated or algorithmic systems in a manner consistent with any requirements for using merit systems personnel in public-benefits programs;

(C) identify instances in which reliance on automated or algorithmic systems would require notification by the State, local, Tribal, or territorial government to the Secretary;

(D) identify instances when applicants and participants can appeal benefit determinations to a human reviewer for reconsideration and can receive other customer support from a human being;

(E) enable auditing and, if necessary, remediation of the logic used to arrive at an individual decision or determination to facilitate the evaluation of appeals; and

(F) enable the analysis of whether algorithmic systems in use by benefit programs achieve equitable outcomes.

7.3. Strengthening AI and Civil Rights in the Broader Economy. (a) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to prevent unlawful discrimination from AI used for hiring, the Secretary of Labor shall publish guidance for Federal contractors regarding nondiscrimination in hiring involving AI and other technology-based hiring systems.

(b) To address discrimination and biases against protected groups in housing markets and consumer financial markets, the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency and the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau are encouraged to consider using their authorities, as they deem appropriate, to require their respective regulated entities, where possible, to use appropriate methodologies including AI tools to ensure compliance with Federal law and:

(i) evaluate their underwriting models for bias or disparities affecting protected groups; and

(ii) evaluate automated collateral-valuation and appraisal processes in ways that minimize bias.

(c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to combat unlawful discrimination enabled by automated or algorithmic tools used to make decisions about access to housing and in other real estate-related transactions, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall, and the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is encouraged to, issue additional guidance:

(i) addressing the use of tenant screening systems in ways that may violate the Fair Housing Act (Public Law 90-284), the Fair Credit Reporting Act (Public Law 91-508), or other relevant Federal laws, including how the use of data, such as criminal records, eviction records, and credit information, can lead to discriminatory outcomes in violation of Federal law; and

(ii) addressing how the Fair Housing Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (title X of Public Law 111-203), or the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Public Law 93-495) apply to the advertising of housing, credit, and other real estate-related transactions through digital platforms, including those that use algorithms to facilitate advertising delivery, as well as on best practices to avoid violations of Federal law.

(d) To help ensure that people with disabilities benefit from AI's promise while being protected from its risks, including unequal treatment from the use of biometric data like gaze direction, eye tracking, gait analysis, and hand motions, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board is encouraged, as it deems appropriate, to solicit public participation and conduct community engagement; to issue technical assistance and recommendations on the risks and benefits of AI in using biometric data as an input; and to provide people with disabilities access to information and communication technology and transportation services.

Sec. 8. Protecting Consumers, Patients, Passengers, and Students. (a) Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to consider using their full range of authorities to protect American consumers from fraud, discrimination, and threats to privacy and to address other risks that may arise from the use of AI, including risks to financial stability, and to consider rulemaking, as well as emphasizing or clarifying where existing regulations and guidance apply to AI, including clarifying the responsibility of regulated entities to conduct due diligence on and monitor any third-party AI services they use, and emphasizing or clarifying requirements and expectations related to the transparency of AI models and regulated entities' ability to explain their use of AI models.

(b) To help ensure the safe, responsible deployment and use of AI in the healthcare, public-health, and human-services sectors:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, establish an HHS AI Task Force that shall, within 365 days of its creation, develop a strategic plan that includes policies and frameworks - possibly including regulatory action, as appropriate - on responsible deployment and use of AI and AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector (including research and discovery, drug and device safety, healthcare delivery and financing, and public health), and identify appropriate guidance and
resources to promote that deployment, including in the following areas:

(A) development, maintenance, and use of predictive and generative AI-enabled technologies in healthcare delivery and financing - including quality measurement, performance improvement, program integrity, benefits administration, and patient experience - taking into account considerations such as appropriate human oversight of the application of AI-generated output;

(B) long-term safety and real-world performance monitoring of AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector, including clinically relevant or significant modifications and performance across population groups, with a means to communicate product updates to regulators, developers, and users;

(C) incorporation of equity principles in AI-enabled technologies used in the health and human services sector, using disaggregated data on affected populations and representative population data sets when developing new models, monitoring algorithmic performance against discrimination and bias in existing models, and helping to identify and mitigate discrimination and bias in current systems;

(D) incorporation of safety, privacy, and security standards into the software-development lifecycle for protection of personally identifiable information, including measures to address AI-enhanced cybersecurity threats in the health and human services sector;

(E) development, maintenance, and availability of documentation to help users determine appropriate and safe uses of AI in local settings in the health and human services sector;

(F) work to be done with State, local, Tribal, and territorial health and human services agencies to advance positive use cases and best practices for use of AI in local settings; and

(G) identification of uses of AI to promote workplace efficiency and satisfaction in the health and human services sector, including reducing administrative burdens.

(ii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall direct HHS components, as the Secretary of HHS deems appropriate, to develop a strategy, in consultation with relevant agencies, to determine whether AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector maintain appropriate levels of quality, including, as appropriate, in the areas described in subsection (b)(i) of this section. This work shall include the development of AI assurance policy - to evaluate important aspects of the performance of AI-enabled healthcare tools - and infrastructure needs for enabling pre-market assessment and post-market oversight of AI-enabled healthcare-technology algorithmic system performance against real-world data.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with relevant agencies as the Secretary of HHS deems appropriate, consider appropriate actions to advance the prompt understanding of, and compliance with, Federal nondiscrimination laws by health and human services providers that receive Federal financial assistance, as well as how those laws relate to AI. Such actions may include:

(A) convening and providing technical assistance to health and human services providers and payers about their obligations under Federal nondiscrimination and privacy laws as they relate to AI and the potential consequences of noncompliance; and

(B) issuing guidance, or taking other action as appropriate, in response to any complaints or other reports of noncompliance with Federal nondiscrimination and privacy laws as they relate to AI.

(iv) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, establish an AI safety program that, in partnership with voluntary federally listed Patient Safety Organizations:

(A) establishes a common framework for approaches to identifying and capturing clinical errors resulting from AI deployed in healthcare settings as well as specifications for a central tracking repository for associated incidents that cause harm, including through bias or discrimination, to patients, caregivers, or other parties;

(B) analyzes captured data and generated evidence to develop, wherever appropriate, recommendations, best practices, or other informal guidelines aimed at avoiding these harms; and

(C) disseminates those recommendations, best practices, or other informal guidance to appropriate stakeholders, including healthcare providers.

(v) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall develop a strategy for regulating the use of AI or AI-enabled tools in drug-development processes. The strategy shall, at a minimum:

(A) define the objectives, goals, and high-level principles required for appropriate regulation throughout each phase of drug development;

(B) identify areas where future rulemaking, guidance, or additional statutory authority may be necessary to implement such a regulatory system;

(C) identify the existing budget, resources, personnel, and potential for new public/private partnerships necessary for such a regulatory system; and

(D) consider risks identified by the actions undertaken to implement section 4 of this order.

(c) To promote the safe and responsible development and use of AI in the transportation sector, in consultation with relevant agencies:

(i) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct the Nontraditional and Emerging Transportation Technology (NETT) Council to assess the need for information, technical assistance, and guidance regarding the use of AI in transportation. The Secretary of Transportation shall further direct the NETT Council, as part of any such efforts, to:

(A) support existing and future initiatives to pilot transportation-related applications of AI, as they align with policy priorities articulated in the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Innovation Principles, including, as appropriate, through technical assistance and connecting stakeholders;

(B) evaluate the outcomes of such pilot programs in order to assess when DOT, or other Federal or State agencies, have sufficient information to take regulatory actions, as appropriate, and recommend appropriate actions when that information is available; and

(C) establish a new DOT Cross-Modal Executive Working Group, which will consist of members from different divisions of DOT and coordinate applicable work among these divisions, to solicit and use relevant input from appropriate stakeholders.

(ii) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct appropriate Federal Advisory Committees of the DOT to provide advice on the safe and responsible use of AI in transportation. The committees shall include the Advanced Aviation Advisory Committee, the Transforming Transportation Advisory Committee, and the Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Advisory Committee.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Infrastructure (ARPA-I) to explore the transportation-related opportunities and challenges of AI - including regarding software-defined AI enhancements impacting autonomous mobility ecosystems. The Secretary of Transportation shall further encourage ARPA-I to prioritize the allocation of grants to those opportunities, as appropriate. The work tasked to ARPA-I shall include soliciting input on these topics through a public consultation process, such as an RFI.

(d) To help ensure the responsible development and deployment of AI in the education sector, the Secretary of Education shall, within 365 days of the date of this order, develop resources, policies, and guidance regarding AI. These resources shall address safe, responsible, and nondiscriminatory uses of AI in education, including the impact AI systems have on vulnerable and underserved communities, and shall be developed in consultation with stakeholders as appropriate. They shall also include the development of an "AI toolkit" for education leaders implementing recommendations from the Department of Education's AI and the Future of Teaching and Learning report, including appropriate human review of AI decisions, designing AI systems to enhance trust and safety and align with privacy-related laws and regulations in the educational context, and developing education-specific guardrails.

(e) The Federal Communications Commission is encouraged to consider actions related to how AI will affect communications networks and consumers, including by:

(i) examining the potential for AI to improve spectrum management, increase the efficiency of non-Federal spectrum usage, and expand opportunities for the sharing of non-Federal spectrum;

(ii) coordinating with the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to create opportunities for sharing spectrum between Federal and non-Federal spectrum operations;

(iii) providing support for efforts to improve network security, resiliency, and interoperability using next-generation technologies that incorporate AI, including self-healing networks, 6G, and Open RAN; and

(iv) encouraging, including through rulemaking, efforts to combat unwanted robocalls and robotexts that are facilitated or exacerbated by AI and to deploy AI technologies that better serve consumers by blocking unwanted robocalls and robotexts.

Sec. 9. Protecting Privacy. (a) To mitigate privacy risks potentially exacerbated by AI - including by AI's facilitation of the collection or use of information about individuals, or the making of inferences about individuals - the Director of OMB shall:

(i) evaluate and take steps to identify commercially available information (CAI) procured by agencies, particularly CAI that contains personally identifiable information and including CAI procured from data brokers and CAI procured and processed indirectly through vendors, in appropriate agency inventory and reporting processes (other than when it is used for the purposes of national security);

(ii) evaluate, in consultation with the Federal Privacy Council and the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy, agency standards and procedures associated with the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, and disposition of CAI that contains personally identifiable information (other than when it is used for the purposes of national security) to inform potential guidance to agencies on ways to mitigate privacy and confidentiality risks from agencies' activities related to CAI;

(iii) within 180 days of the date of this order, in consultation with the Attorney General, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Director of OSTP, issue an RFI to inform potential revisions to guidance to agencies on implementing the privacy provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-347). The RFI shall seek feedback regarding how privacy impact assessments may be more effective at mitigating privacy risks, including those that are further exacerbated by AI; and

(iv) take such steps as are necessary and appropriate, consistent with applicable law, to support and advance the near-term actions and long-term strategy identified through the RFI process, including issuing new or updated guidance or RFIs or consulting other agencies or the Federal Privacy Council.

(b) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to better enable agencies to use PETs to safeguard Americans' privacy from the potential threats exacerbated by AI, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, shall create guidelines for agencies to evaluate the efficacy of differential-privacy-guarantee protections, including for AI. The guidelines shall, at a minimum, describe the significant factors that bear on differential-privacy safeguards and common risks to realizing differential privacy in practice.

(c) To advance research, development, and implementation related to PETs:

(i) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Director of NSF, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy, shall fund the creation of a Research Coordination Network (RCN) dedicated to advancing privacy research and, in particular, the development, deployment, and scaling of PETs. The RCN shall serve to enable privacy researchers to share information, coordinate and collaborate in research, and develop standards for the privacy-research community.

(ii) Within 240 days of the date of this order, the Director of NSF shall engage with agencies to identify ongoing work and potential opportunities to incorporate PETs into their operations. The Director of NSF shall, where feasible and appropriate, prioritize research - including efforts to translate research discoveries into practical applications - that encourage the adoption of leading-edge PETs solutions for agencies' use, including through research engagement through the RCN described in subsection (c)(i) of this section.

(iii) The Director of NSF shall use the results of the United States-United Kingdom PETs Prize Challenge to inform the approaches taken, and opportunities identified, for PETs research and adoption.

Sec. 10. Advancing Federal Government Use of AI.

10.1. Providing Guidance for AI Management. (a) To coordinate the use of AI across the Federal Government, within 60 days of the date of this order and on an ongoing basis as necessary, the Director of OMB shall convene and chair an interagency council to coordinate the development and use of AI in agencies' programs and operations, other than the use of AI in national security systems. The Director of OSTP shall serve as Vice Chair for the interagency council. The interagency council's membership shall include, at minimum, the heads of the agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b), the Director of National Intelligence, and other agencies as identified by the Chair. Until agencies designate their permanent Chief AI Officers consistent with the guidance described in subsection 10.1(b) of this section, they shall be represented on the interagency council by an appropriate official at the Assistant Secretary level or equivalent, as determined by the head of each agency.

(b) To provide guidance on Federal Government use of AI, within 150 days of the date of this order and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB, in coordination with the Director of OSTP, and in consultation with the interagency council established in subsection 10.1(a) of this section, shall issue guidance to agencies to strengthen the effective and appropriate use of AI, advance AI innovation, and manage risks from AI in the Federal Government. The Director of OMB's guidance shall specify, to the extent appropriate and consistent with applicable law:

(i) the requirement to designate at each agency within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance a Chief Artificial Intelligence Officer who shall hold primary responsibility in their agency, in coordination with other responsible officials, for coordinating their agency's use of AI, promoting AI innovation in their agency, managing risks from their agency's use of AI, and carrying out the responsibilities described in section 8(c) of Executive Order 13960 of December 3, 2020 (Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government), and section 4(b) of Executive Order 14091;

(ii) the Chief Artificial Intelligence Officers' roles, responsibilities, seniority, position, and reporting structures;

(iii) for the agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b), the creation of internal Artificial Intelligence Governance Boards, or other appropriate mechanisms, at each agency within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance to coordinate and govern AI issues through relevant senior leaders from across the agency;

(iv) required minimum risk-management practices for Government uses of AI that impact people's rights or safety, including, where appropriate, the following practices derived from OSTP's Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and the NIST AI Risk Management Framework: conducting public consultation; assessing data quality; assessing and mitigating disparate impacts and algorithmic discrimination; providing notice of the use of AI; continuously monitoring and evaluating deployed AI; and granting human consideration and remedies for adverse decisions made using AI;

(v) specific Federal Government uses of AI that are presumed by default to impact rights or safety;

(vi) recommendations to agencies to reduce barriers to the responsible use of AI, including barriers related to information technology infrastructure, data, workforce, budgetary restrictions, and cybersecurity processes;

(vii) requirements that agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b) develop AI strategies and pursue high-impact AI use cases;

(viii) in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other appropriate agencies as determined by the Director of OMB, recommendations to agencies regarding:

(A) external testing for AI, including AI red-teaming for generative AI, to be developed in coordination with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency;

(B) testing and safeguards against discriminatory, misleading, inflammatory, unsafe, or deceptive outputs, as well as against producing child sexual abuse material and against producing non-consensual intimate imagery of real individuals (including intimate digital depictions of the body or body parts of an identifiable individual), for generative AI;

(C) reasonable steps to watermark or otherwise label output from generative AI;

(D) application of the mandatory minimum risk-management practices defined under subsection 10.1(b)(iv) of this section to procured AI;

(E) independent evaluation of vendors' claims concerning both the effectiveness and risk mitigation of their AI offerings;

(F) documentation and oversight of procured AI;

(G) maximizing the value to agencies when relying on contractors to use and enrich Federal Government data for the purposes of AI development and operation;

(H) provision of incentives for the continuous improvement of procured AI; and

(I) training on AI in accordance with the principles set out in this order and in other references related to AI listed herein; and

(ix) requirements for public reporting on compliance with this guidance.

(c) To track agencies' AI progress, within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance established in subsection 10.1(b) of this section and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB shall develop a method for agencies to track and assess their ability to adopt AI into their programs and operations, manage its risks, and comply with Federal policy on AI. This method should draw on existing related efforts as appropriate and should address, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, the practices, processes, and capabilities necessary for responsible AI adoption, training, and governance across, at a minimum, the areas of information technology infrastructure, data, workforce, leadership, and risk management.

(d) To assist agencies in implementing the guidance to be established in subsection 10.1(b) of this section:

(i) within 90 days of the issuance of the guidance, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, and in coordination with the Director of OMB and the Director of OSTP, shall develop guidelines, tools, and practices to support implementation of the minimum risk-management practices described in subsection 10.1(b)(iv) of this section; and

(ii) within 180 days of the issuance of the guidance, the Director of OMB shall develop an initial means to ensure that agency contracts for the acquisition of AI systems and services align with the guidance described in subsection 10.1(b) of this section and advance the other aims identified in section 7224(d)(1) of the Advancing American AI Act (Public Law 117-263, div. G, title LXXII, subtitle B).

(e) To improve transparency for agencies' use of AI, the Director of OMB shall, on an annual basis, issue instructions to agencies for the collection, reporting, and publication of agency AI use cases, pursuant to section 7225(a) of the Advancing American AI Act. Through these instructions, the Director shall, as appropriate, expand agencies' reporting on how they are managing risks from their AI use cases and update or replace the guidance originally established in section 5 of Executive Order 13960.

(f) To advance the responsible and secure use of generative AI in the Federal Government:

(i) As generative AI products become widely available and common in online platforms, agencies are discouraged from imposing broad general bans or blocks on agency use of generative AI. Agencies should instead limit access, as necessary, to specific generative AI services based on specific risk assessments; establish guidelines and limitations on the appropriate use of generative AI; and, with appropriate safeguards in place, provide their personnel and programs with access to secure and reliable generative AI capabilities, at least for the purposes of experimentation and routine tasks that carry a low risk of impacting Americans' rights. To protect Federal Government information, agencies are also encouraged to employ risk-management practices, such as training their staff on proper use, protection, dissemination, and disposition of Federal information; negotiating appropriate terms of service with vendors; implementing measures designed to ensure compliance with record-keeping, cybersecurity, confidentiality, privacy, and data protection requirements; and deploying other measures to prevent misuse of Federal Government information in generative AI.

(ii) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Administrator of General Services, in coordination with the Director of OMB, and in consultation with the Federal Secure Cloud Advisory Committee and other relevant agencies as the Administrator of General Services may deem appropriate, shall develop and issue a framework for prioritizing critical and emerging technologies offerings in the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program authorization process, starting with generative AI offerings that have the primary purpose of providing large language model-based chat interfaces, code-generation and debugging tools, and associated application programming interfaces, as well as prompt-based image generators. This framework shall apply for no less than 2 years from the date of its issuance. Agency Chief Information Officers, Chief Information Security Officers, and authorizing officials are also encouraged to prioritize generative AI and other critical and emerging technologies in granting authorities for agency operation of information technology systems and any other applicable release or oversight processes, using continuous authorizations and approvals wherever feasible.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), in coordination with the Director of OMB, shall develop guidance on the use of generative AI for work by the Federal workforce.

(g) Within 30 days of the date of this order, to increase agency investment in AI, the Technology Modernization Board shall consider, as it deems appropriate and consistent with applicable law, prioritizing funding for AI projects for the Technology Modernization Fund for a period of at least 1 year. Agencies are encouraged to submit to the Technology Modernization Fund project funding proposals that include AI - and particularly generative AI - in service of mission delivery.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to facilitate agencies' access to commercial AI capabilities, the Administrator of General Services, in coordination with the Director of OMB, and in collaboration with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the head of any other agency identified by the Administrator of General Services, shall take steps consistent with applicable law to facilitate access to Federal Government-wide acquisition solutions for specified types of AI services and products, such as through the creation of a resource guide or other tools to assist the acquisition workforce. Specified types of AI capabilities shall include generative AI and specialized computing infrastructure.

(i) The initial means, instructions, and guidance issued pursuant to subsections 10.1(a)-(h) of this section shall not apply to AI when it is used as a component of a national security system, which shall be addressed by the proposed National Security Memorandum described in subsection 4.8 of this order.

10.2. Increasing AI Talent in Government. (a) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to plan a national surge in AI talent in the Federal Government, the Director of OSTP and the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, the Assistant to the President and Domestic Policy Advisor, and the Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council, shall identify priority mission areas for increased Federal Government AI talent, the types of talent that are highest priority to recruit and develop to ensure adequate implementation of this order and use of relevant enforcement and regulatory authorities to address AI risks, and accelerated hiring pathways.

(b) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to coordinate rapid advances in the capacity of the Federal AI workforce, the Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy, in coordination with the Director of OSTP and the Director of OMB, and in consultation with the National Cyber Director, shall convene an AI and Technology Talent Task Force, which shall include the Director of OPM, the Director of the General Services Administration's Technology Transformation Services, a representative from the Chief Human Capital Officers Council, the Assistant to the President for Presidential Personnel, members of appropriate agency technology talent programs, a representative of the Chief Data Officer Council, and a representative of the interagency council convened under subsection 10.1(a) of this section. The Task Force's purpose shall be to accelerate and track the hiring of AI and AI-enabling talent across the Federal Government, including through the following actions:

(i) within 180 days of the date of this order, tracking and reporting progress to the President on increasing AI capacity across the Federal Government, including submitting to the President a report and recommendations for further increasing capacity;

(ii) identifying and circulating best practices for agencies to attract, hire, retain, train, and empower AI talent, including diversity, inclusion, and accessibility best practices, as well as to plan and budget adequately for AI workforce needs;

(iii) coordinating, in consultation with the Director of OPM, the use of fellowship programs and agency technology-talent programs and human-capital teams to build hiring capabilities, execute hires, and place AI talent to fill staffing gaps; and

(iv) convening a cross-agency forum for ongoing collaboration between AI professionals to share best practices and improve retention.

(c) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to advance existing Federal technology talent programs, the United States Digital Service, Presidential Innovation Fellowship, United States Digital Corps, OPM, and technology talent programs at agencies, with support from the AI and Technology Talent Task Force described in subsection 10.2(b) of this section, as appropriate and permitted by law, shall develop and begin to implement plans to support the rapid recruitment of individuals as part of a Federal Government-wide AI talent surge to accelerate the placement of key AI and AI-enabling talent in high-priority areas and to advance agencies' data and technology strategies.

(d) To meet the critical hiring need for qualified personnel to execute the initiatives in this order, and to improve Federal hiring practices for AI talent, the Director of OPM, in consultation with the Director of OMB, shall:

(i) within 60 days of the date of this order, conduct an evidence-based review on the need for hiring and workplace flexibility, including Federal Government-wide direct-hire authority for AI and related data-science and technical roles, and, where the Director of OPM finds such authority is appropriate, grant it; this review shall include the following job series at all General Schedule (GS) levels: IT Specialist (2210), Computer Scientist (1550), Computer Engineer (0854), and Program Analyst (0343) focused on AI, and any subsequently developed job series derived from these job series;

(ii) within 60 days of the date of this order, consider authorizing the use of excepted service appointments under 5 C.F.R. 213.3102(i)(3) to address the need for hiring additional staff to implement directives of this order;

(iii) within 90 days of the date of this order, coordinate a pooled-hiring action informed by subject-matter experts and using skills-based assessments to support the recruitment of AI talent across agencies;

(iv) within 120 days of the date of this order, as appropriate and permitted by law, issue guidance for agency application of existing pay flexibilities or incentive pay programs for AI, AI-enabling, and other key technical positions to facilitate appropriate use of current pay incentives;

(v) within 180 days of the date of this order, establish guidance and policy on skills-based, Federal Government-wide hiring of AI, data, and technology talent in order to increase access to those with nontraditional academic backgrounds to Federal AI, data, and technology roles;

(vi) within 180 days of the date of this order, establish an interagency working group, staffed with both human-resources professionals and recruiting technical experts, to facilitate Federal Government-wide hiring of people with AI and other technical skills;

(vii) within 180 days of the date of this order, review existing Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs) for Senior Executive Service (SES) positions informed by data and AI literacy competencies and, within 365 days of the date of this order, implement new ECQs as appropriate in the SES assessment process;

(viii) within 180 days of the date of this order, complete a review of competencies for civil engineers (GS-0810 series) and, if applicable, other related occupations, and make recommendations for ensuring that adequate AI expertise and credentials in these occupations in the Federal Government reflect the increased use of AI in critical infrastructure; and

(ix) work with the Security, Suitability, and Credentialing Performance Accountability Council to assess mechanisms to streamline and accelerate personnel-vetting requirements, as appropriate, to support AI and fields related to other critical and emerging technologies.

(e) To expand the use of special authorities for AI hiring and retention, agencies shall use all appropriate hiring authorities, including Schedule A(r) excepted service hiring and direct-hire authority, as applicable and appropriate, to hire AI talent and AI-enabling talent rapidly. In addition to participating in OPM-led pooled hiring actions, agencies shall collaborate, where appropriate, on agency-led pooled hiring under the Competitive Service Act of 2015 (Public Law 114-137) and other shared hiring. Agencies shall also, where applicable, use existing incentives, pay-setting authorities, and other compensation flexibilities, similar to those used for cyber and information technology positions, for AI and data-science professionals, as well as plain-language job titles, to help recruit and retain these highly skilled professionals. Agencies shall ensure that AI and other related talent needs (such as technology governance and privacy) are reflected in strategic workforce planning and budget formulation.

(f) To facilitate the hiring of data scientists, the Chief Data Officer Council shall develop a position-description library for data scientists (job series 1560) and a hiring guide to support agencies in hiring data scientists.

(g) To help train the Federal workforce on AI issues, the head of each agency shall implement - or increase the availability and use of - AI training and familiarization programs for employees, managers, and leadership in technology as well as relevant policy, managerial, procurement, regulatory, ethical, governance, and legal fields. Such training programs should, for example, empower Federal employees, managers, and leaders to develop and maintain an operating knowledge of emerging AI technologies to assess opportunities to use these technologies to enhance the delivery of services to the public, and to mitigate risks associated with these technologies. Agencies that provide professional-development opportunities, grants, or funds for their staff should take appropriate steps to ensure that employees who do not serve in traditional technical roles, such as policy, managerial, procurement, or legal fields, are nonetheless eligible to receive funding for programs and courses that focus on AI, machine learning, data science, or other related subject areas.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to address gaps in AI talent for national defense, the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report to the President through the Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs that includes:

(i) recommendations to address challenges in the Department of Defense's ability to hire certain noncitizens, including at the Science and Technology Reinvention Laboratories;

(ii) recommendations to clarify and streamline processes for accessing classified information for certain noncitizens through Limited Access Authorization at Department of Defense laboratories;

(iii) recommendations for the appropriate use of enlistment authority under 10 U.S.C. 504(b)(2) for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies; and

(iv) recommendations for the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security to work together to enhance the use of appropriate authorities for the retention of certain noncitizens of vital importance to national security by the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security.

Sec. 11. Strengthening American Leadership Abroad. (a) To strengthen United States leadership of global efforts to unlock AI's potential and meet its challenges, the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, the Director of OSTP, and the heads of other relevant agencies as appropriate, shall:

(i) lead efforts outside of military and intelligence areas to expand engagements with international allies and partners in relevant bilateral, multilateral, and multi-stakeholder fora to advance those allies' and partners' understanding of existing and planned AI-related guidance and policies of the United States, as well as to enhance international collaboration; and

(ii) lead efforts to establish a strong international framework for managing the risks and harnessing the benefits of AI, including by encouraging international allies and partners to support voluntary commitments similar to those that United States companies have made in pursuit of these objectives and coordinating the activities directed by subsections (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, and to develop common regulatory and other accountability principles for foreign nations, including to manage the risk that AI systems pose.

(b) To advance responsible global technical standards for AI development and use outside of military and intelligence areas, the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant agencies as appropriate, shall lead preparations for a coordinated effort with key international allies and partners and with standards development organizations, to drive the development and implementation of AI-related consensus standards, cooperation and coordination, and information sharing. In particular, the Secretary of Commerce shall:

(i) within 270 days of the date of this order, establish a plan for global engagement on promoting and developing AI standards, with lines of effort that may include:

(A) AI nomenclature and terminology;

(B) best practices regarding data capture, processing, protection, privacy, confidentiality, handling, and analysis;

(C) trustworthiness, verification, and assurance of AI systems; and

(D) AI risk management;

(ii) within 180 days of the date the plan is established, submit a report to the President on priority actions taken pursuant to the plan; and

(iii) ensure that such efforts are guided by principles set out in the NIST AI Risk Management Framework and United States Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology.

(c) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to promote safe, responsible, and rights-affirming development and deployment of AI abroad:

(i) The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the director of NIST, shall publish an AI in Global Development Playbook that incorporates the AI Risk Management Framework's principles, guidelines, and best practices into the social, technical, economic, governance, human rights, and security conditions of contexts beyond United States borders. As part of this work, the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall draw on lessons learned from programmatic uses of AI in global development.

(ii) The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of NSF, shall develop a Global AI Research Agenda to guide the objectives and implementation of AI-related research in contexts beyond United States borders. The Agenda shall:

(A) include principles, guidelines, priorities, and best practices aimed at ensuring the safe, responsible, beneficial, and sustainable global development and adoption of AI; and

(B) address AI's labor-market implications across international contexts, including by recommending risk mitigations.

(d) To address cross-border and global AI risks to critical infrastructure, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Homeland Security deems appropriate, shall lead efforts with international allies and partners to enhance cooperation to prevent, respond to, and recover from potential critical infrastructure disruptions resulting from incorporation of AI into critical infrastructure systems or malicious use of AI.

(i) Within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall develop a plan for multilateral engagements to encourage the adoption of the AI safety and security guidelines for use by critical infrastructure owners and operators developed in section 4.3(a) of this order.

(ii) Within 180 days of establishing the plan described in subsection (d)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit a report to the President on priority actions to mitigate cross-border risks to critical United States infrastructure.

Sec. 12. Implementation. (a) There is established, within the Executive Office of the President, the White House Artificial Intelligence Council (White House AI Council). The function of the White House AI Council is to coordinate the activities of agencies across the Federal Government to ensure the effective formulation, development, communication, industry engagement related to, and timely implementation of AI-related policies, including policies set forth in this order.

(b) The Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy shall serve as Chair of the White House AI Council.

(c) In addition to the Chair, the White House AI Council shall consist of the following members, or their designees:

(i) the Secretary of State;

(ii) the Secretary of the Treasury;

(iii) the Secretary of Defense;

(iv) the Attorney General;

(v) the Secretary of Agriculture;

(vi) the Secretary of Commerce;

(vii) the Secretary of Labor;

(viii) the Secretary of HHS;

(ix) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development;

(x) the Secretary of Transportation;

(xi) the Secretary of Energy;

(xii) the Secretary of Education;

(xiii) the Secretary of Veterans Affairs;

(xiv) the Secretary of Homeland Security;

(xv) the Administrator of the Small Business Administration;

(xvi) the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development;

(xvii) the Director of National Intelligence;

(xviii) the Director of NSF;

(xix) the Director of OMB;

(xx) the Director of OSTP;

(xxi) the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs;

(xxii) the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy;

(xxiii) the Assistant to the President and Domestic Policy Advisor;

(xxiv) the Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Vice President;

(xxv) the Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council;

(xxvi) the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers;

(xxvii) the National Cyber Director;

(xxviii) the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and

(xxix) the heads of such other agencies, independent regulatory agencies, and executive offices as the Chair may from time to time designate or invite to participate.

(d) The Chair may create and coordinate subgroups consisting of White House AI Council members or their designees, as appropriate.

Sec. 13. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

THE WHITE HOUSE,
October 30, 2023.

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Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence | The White House

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By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril. Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges…

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Today, President Biden is issuing a landmark Executive Order to ensure that America leads the way in seizing the promise and managing the risks of artificial intelligence (AI). The Executive Order establishes new standards for AI safety and security, protects Americans' privacy, advances equity and civil rights, stands up for consumers and workers, promotes innovation and competition, advances American leadership around the world, and more.

As part of the Biden-Harris Administration's comprehensive strategy for responsible innovation, the Executive Order builds on previous actions the President has taken, including work that led to voluntary commitments from 15 leading companies to drive safe, secure, and trustworthy development of AI.

The Executive Order directs the following actions:

New Standards for AI Safety and Security

As AI's capabilities grow, so do its implications for Americans' safety and security. With this Executive Order, the President directs the most sweeping actions ever taken to protect Americans from the potential risks of AI systems:

Require that developers of the most powerful AI systems share their safety test results and other critical information with the U.S. government. In accordance with the Defense Production Act, the Order will require that companies developing any foundation model that poses a serious risk to national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety must notify the federal government when training the model, and must share the results of all red-team safety tests. These measures will ensure AI systems are safe, secure, and trustworthy before companies make them public.

Develop standards, tools, and tests to help ensure that AI systems are safe, secure, and trustworthy. The National Institute of Standards and Technology will set the rigorous standards for extensive red-team testing to ensure safety before public release. The Department of Homeland Security will apply those standards to critical infrastructure sectors and establish the AI Safety and Security Board. The Departments of Energy and Homeland Security will also address AI systems' threats to critical infrastructure, as well as chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and cybersecurity risks. Together, these are the most significant actions ever taken by any government to advance the field of AI safety.

Protect against the risks of using AI to engineer dangerous biological materials by developing strong new standards for biological synthesis screening. Agencies that fund life-science projects will establish these standards as a condition of federal funding, creating powerful incentives to ensure appropriate screening and manage risks potentially made worse by AI.

Protect Americans from AI-enabled fraud and deception by establishing standards and best practices for detecting AI-generated content and authenticating official content. The Department of Commerce will develop guidance for content authentication and watermarking to clearly label AI-generated content. Federal agencies will use these tools to make it easy for Americans to know that the communications they receive from their government are authentic-and set an example for the private sector and governments around the world.

Establish an advanced cybersecurity program to develop AI tools to find and fix vulnerabilities in critical software, building on the Biden-Harris Administration's ongoing AI Cyber Challenge. Together, these efforts will harness AI's potentially game-changing cyber capabilities to make software and networks more secure.

Order the development of a National Security Memorandum that directs further actions on AI and security, to be developed by the National Security Council and White House Chief of Staff. This document will ensure that the United States military and intelligence community use AI safely, ethically, and effectively in their missions, and will direct actions to counter adversaries' military use of AI.

Protecting Americans' Privacy
Without safeguards, AI can put Americans' privacy further at risk. AI not only makes it easier to extract, identify, and exploit personal data, but it also heightens incentives to do so because companies use data to train AI systems. To better protect Americans' privacy, including from the risks posed by AI, the President calls on Congress to pass bipartisan data privacy legislation to protect all Americans, especially kids, and directs the following actions:

Protect Americans' privacy by prioritizing federal support for accelerating the development and use of privacy-preserving techniques-including ones that use cutting-edge AI and that let AI systems be trained while preserving the privacy of the training data.

Strengthen privacy-preserving research and technologies, such as cryptographic tools that preserve individuals' privacy, by funding a Research Coordination Network to advance rapid breakthroughs and development. The National Science Foundation will also work with this network to promote the adoption of leading-edge privacy-preserving technologies by federal agencies.

Evaluate how agencies collect and use commercially available information-including information they procure from data brokers-and strengthen privacy guidance for federal agencies to account for AI risks. This work will focus in particular on commercially available information containing personally identifiable data.

Develop guidelines for federal agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of privacy-preserving techniques, including those used in AI systems. These guidelines will advance agency efforts to protect Americans' data.

Advancing Equity and Civil Rights
Irresponsible uses of AI can lead to and deepen discrimination, bias, and other abuses in justice, healthcare, and housing. The Biden-Harris Administration has already taken action by publishing the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and issuing an Executive Order directing agencies to combat algorithmic discrimination, while enforcing existing authorities to protect people's rights and safety. To ensure that AI advances equity and civil rights, the President directs the following additional actions:
Standing Up for Consumers, Patients, and Students
AI can bring real benefits to consumers-for example, by making products better, cheaper, and more widely available. But AI also raises the risk of injuring, misleading, or otherwise harming Americans. To protect consumers while ensuring that AI can make Americans better off, the President directs the following actions:

Advance the responsible use of AI in healthcare and the development of affordable and life-saving drugs. The Department of Health and Human Services will also establish a safety program to receive reports of-and act to remedy - harms or unsafe healthcare practices involving AI.

Shape AI's potential to transform education by creating resources to support educators deploying AI-enabled educational tools, such as personalized tutoring in schools.

Supporting Workers
AI is changing America's jobs and workplaces, offering both the promise of improved productivity but also the dangers of increased workplace surveillance, bias, and job displacement. To mitigate these risks, support workers' ability to bargain collectively, and invest in workforce training and development that is accessible to all, the President directs the following actions:

Develop principles and best practices to mitigate the harms and maximize the benefits of AI for workers by addressing job displacement; labor standards; workplace equity, health, and safety; and data collection. These principles and best practices will benefit workers by providing guidance to prevent employers from undercompensating workers, evaluating job applications unfairly, or impinging on workers' ability to organize.

Produce a report on AI's potential labor-market impacts, and study and identify options for strengthening federal support for workers facing labor disruptions, including from AI.

Promoting Innovation and Competition
America already leads in AI innovation-more AI startups raised first-time capital in the United States last year than in the next seven countries combined. The Executive Order ensures that we continue to lead the way in innovation and competition through the following actions:
Advancing American Leadership Abroad
AI's challenges and opportunities are global. The Biden-Harris Administration will continue working with other nations to support safe, secure, and trustworthy deployment and use of AI worldwide. To that end, the President directs the following actions:
Ensuring Responsible and Effective Government Use of AI
AI can help government deliver better results for the American people. It can expand agencies' capacity to regulate, govern, and disburse benefits, and it can cut costs and enhance the security of government systems. However, use of AI can pose risks, such as discrimination and unsafe decisions. To ensure the responsible government deployment of AI and modernize federal AI infrastructure, the President directs the following actions:

As we advance this agenda at home, the Administration will work with allies and partners abroad on a strong international framework to govern the development and use of AI. The Administration has already consulted widely on AI governance frameworks over the past several months-engaging with Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, the UAE, and the UK. The actions taken today support and complement Japan's leadership of the G-7 Hiroshima Process, the UK Summit on AI Safety, India's leadership as Chair of the Global Partnership on AI, and ongoing discussions at the United Nations.

The actions that President Biden directed today are vital steps forward in the U.S.'s approach on safe, secure, and trustworthy AI. More action will be required, and the Administration will continue to work with Congress to pursue bipartisan legislation to help America lead the way in responsible innovation.

For more on the Biden-Harris Administration's work to advance AI, and for opportunities to join the Federal AI workforce, visit AI.gov.

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FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence | The White House

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Today, President Biden is issuing a landmark Executive Order to ensure that America leads the way in seizing the promise and managing the risks of artificial intelligence (AI). The Executive Order establishes new standards for AI safety and security, protects Americans' privacy, advances equity and civil rights, stands up for consumers and workers, promotes innovation...

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Very interesting articles. Read them! Take notes!

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Schools, universities & training - Economics Observatory

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What is the impact of a Premiership football team on local universities?

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Au sommaire : ESPACE ÉCOLESExcelia Business School : le souffle de l'innovationRennes School of Business : plus que jamais, penser " hors du cadre " pour former des leaders inspirants"SKEMA, école de l'avant-garde et acteur engagé "TBS Éducation, une stratégie plurielleENTRETIENS" Rennes SB fait partie de la "Super League" des écoles de management françaises " | Adilson Borges, directeur général et doyen de Rennes SB" Audencia est une très belle marque dans une très belle école avant-gardiste sur les questions de transition " | Sébastien Tran, directeur d'AudenciaSIGEMLe SIGEM en questionsDOSS

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ECRICOME ECRIT ECG (regardez les 2 sujets d'expression écrite qui sont des modèles de sujets façon  EDHEC)

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ECRICOME ECRIT ECG (regardez les 2 sujets d'expression écrite qui sont des modèles de sujets façon  EDHEC)