# data[].attributes.body
John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He oversaw a lot of judicial review cases. He established the judicial power within the government, and interpreted the constitution in a way that benefitted federal law.

# data[].attributes.body
John Calhoun was one of the most famous South representatives. He fought for the defense of slavery and published the nullification theory, which gives the state the right to nullify a federal law.

# data[].attributes.body
Dred Scott was a slave who consistently fought for his freedom. He and his wife, Harriet, sued their owner Irene Emerson and won. However, Irene went back to the court and won the reversal, which made them slaves again.

# data[].attributes.body
Thomas Jefferson was the 3rd president of the US and a founding father. He was the author of the declaration of independence, and also George Washington's secretary in the cabinet.

# data[].attributes.body
James Madison was the 4th president of the US, and was considered "the father of the constitution". However, he didn't actually write it. He, along with Alexander Hamilton and others, wrote the Federalist Essays, which were a major inspiration to the constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke was a philosopher that wrote about the ideas of natural rights. His ideas are seen throughout the Declaration of Independence, and were a major inspiration to the colonists fighting in the American Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President and was president during the Civil War. He was the one who wrote and issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves. He was assassinated by John Wilkins Booth.

# data[].attributes.body
Lord Baltimore founded Maryland, which was a safe state for Catholic refugees.

# data[].attributes.body
This was the amendment that gave African Americans the right to vote. This was a major step in the equality movement as it meant that different races had political power.

# data[].attributes.body
This was the amendment that allowed former slaves to become citizens of the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
The 13th amendment is the amendment that banned slavery and made it illegal for us to practice now.

# data[].attributes.body
The First Amendment is the amendment that directly states that we as the people have the freedom to practice whatever religion we want to.

# data[].attributes.body
This is an example of a famous case that used judicial review. This case was between William Marbury, a federalist leader, and James Madison, Thomas Jefferson's secretary. Marbury was supposed to receive a commission before Jefferson became president, but didn't and Jefferson decided to hold the commission. Marbury brought it up to the court, and this case was the one that stabilized the Supreme Court's role in interpreting the Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
This passage in the first amendment says that a government cannot form a state religion. This allows us to be able to practice our religion freely, and not be controlled by a specific one.

# data[].attributes.body
This is the amendment on the Bill of Rights that allows freedom of religion, press, assembly, and speech. This is essentially the amendment that gives us our speaking freedom.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments on the constitution. This bill is what allowed the constitution to be ratified.

# data[].attributes.body
Poll taxes were the money required for one to vote. Many African Americans were too poor to pay for this, and as a result, were unable to vote.

# data[].attributes.body
The Freedmen's Bureau was a government place that provided necessary materials for the Civil War refugees, many of them being newly freed slaves. Some things that they provided included rations, jobs, clothing, medical attention, housing, and education.

# data[].attributes.body
The Reconstruction was the South rebuilding itself after the Civil War, and how all of the freed slaves and confederates were dealt with.

# data[].attributes.body
The Quakers is a denomination of the Protestant Church that focuses on "experiencing the light within." They played a vital role in the women's rights and abolitionist movements.

# data[].attributes.body
An abolitionist is someone who wanted to put an end to slavery. A famous example of a person who was an abolitionist is Harriet Tubman. She helped people sneak to the Underground Railroad.

# data[].attributes.body
This religious awakening brought new ideas such as abolition and women's rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Mormons are followers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who currently reside in Utah to avoid questioning of their way of life.

# data[].attributes.body
States have the power to say that a national law is invalid or null in that specific state.

# data[].attributes.body
The Monroe Doctrine is a statement made that said American continents should no longer be open for colonization.

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court has the ability to review laws and deicide whether they should be passed or not.

# data[].attributes.body
In order to strengthen the government, but maintain the rights of the state, the constitution divided power between the national government and the state government.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/equal-state-representation.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/religion/mormons#:~:text=Mormons%20are%20a%20religious%20group,than%2016%20million%20members%20worldwide.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/abolitionist-movement
https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript
https://www.britannica.com/event/Marbury-v-Madison
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/abraham-lincoln/
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/thomas-jefferson/
https://www.history.com/topics/us-politics/john-c-calhoun
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/dred-scott-case
https://law.wm.edu/about/ourhistory/John%20Marshall,%20the%20Great%20Chief%20Justice.php

# data[].attributes.body
This resolved the controversial part of the drafting of the Constitution by establishing equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House.

# data[].attributes.body
The Articles of Confederation is a weak agreement created by the United States prior to the Constitution. It did not provide stability for the country as there were many gaps and loops in the article.

# data[].attributes.body
The natural laws include the right to life, liberty, and property. John Locke wrote this, and the Declaration of Independence is based on this.

# data[].attributes.body
A 1776 document that was influenced by John Locke's ideas about natural laws. This was written by Thomas Jefferson, and talks about independence.

# data[].attributes.body
A government's power is divided into three branches: judiciary, parliament, and executive. The US uses this system now!

# data[].attributes.body
Revival of spirituality and emotional union with God

# data[].attributes.body
An intellectual movement that encouraged science, knowledge, and reason