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area consisting of Alaska, Canada, and Iceland

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physical features: contains taiga forest vegetation

climate: very cold winter, warm and cool summer

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Dene, Cree, Ojibwe

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In Dene tribe, they used to hunt by using bows and eat caribou(North American reindeer). They utilized meat, fat, and bones for clothing and housing.

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In general, the peoples of the Subarctic were often nomadic; small family groups lived together. They lived in small, easy-to-move tents to easily move around.

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Subarctic people usually have small family structure that are nomadic. They invented toboggan, which is a tool that is to transport goods across snow and ice. In addition, they had clan structure that supported the elder holding the leadership.

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area including Russia, Canada, Arctic Ocean, and other countries

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physical features: mostly ocean with glaciers and icebergs

climate: extreme fluctuation over seasons(average temperature in January is -40 celsius while in summer it is 10 celsius

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Inuit, Aleut, Eskimo

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They hunted sea mammals such as seals, whales, and otter. They made open fishing boats to catch fishes. One of the people who live in arctic, Eskimos, used the open boats called Umiak.

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People used sod and timber to make a dome-shaped houses. Since they lived in the cold region, they used ice blocks to make an Igloo: a winter dwelling made out of ice. Because of the cold weather, they have no holes except the entry.

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They used animals' skins(seals or otter) to make warm and weatherproof clothing. They are not available to farm in the winter but could support vegetation which led many animals(caribous) to come.

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area including present-day Canada’s Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River valley

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physical features: located in coastal regions, river valleys, and lakes

climate: cold and has heavy snowfall during the winter, cool and wet in the summer

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Iroquoian speakers(Erie, Seneca, etc), Algonquian and Shawnee

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They usually hunted fish in the coastal regions. They also grew vegetations such as corn and beans.

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They have two common types of houses: wigwams and longhouses. Wigwams are the dome-shaped houses with wooden frame of saplings. Longhouses are large and rectangle shaped houses made out of wooden frames.

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They had the powerful political system called Iroquois Confederacy. It includes clan system which is matrilineal(supports lineage and family blood).

They had three sisters agriculture, which is a type of system that vegetated various types of foods such as maize, bean, and squash.

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area including present-day Carolina and Gulf of Mexico

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physical features: located in humid and fertile agricultural region

climate: humid and subtropical climate, hot summer, and snowfalls are rare

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Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw

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They do vegetation with staple crops such as sunflower, squash and tobacco. They usually gathered vegetables like berries.

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People built circular “hot houses” that were covered tight including only entryway and smoke hole. It is cool inside because no sunlight comes in.

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Many tribes had hierarchy systems which included chiefdoms, elites and commoners.

They also had hamlets which is a small ceremonial town that sold main crops(maize, beans and etc).

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area including present-day Mississippi River, Rocky Mountains and Canada

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physical features: has a great plain with short grass

climate: hot summer and cold winter, continental climate

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Crow, Blackfeet and Cheyenne

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They had major waterways that contained fertile soil to grow crops such as maize, beans and tobacco. They divided their time with crop production and hunting period.

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People who are nomadic hunters had common dwelling, Teepee, which included a bison-skin tent with cone shaped top that could be folded up. Thus this housings made nomadic people easy to move.

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When the white traders came to the plains, they brought commercial goods such as knifes, kettles, and horse.

The Sun Dance, a ritual that required piety and self-sacrifice, was a commonplace religion in plains.

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area including present-day Arizona and New Mexico

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physical features: deserts with little precipitation

climate: semitropical

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Navajo, Apache and Hopi

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They survived by hunting and gathering. They also plant crops such as corn, bean, and squash.

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People who lived in the Southeast region used to have the their round houses(Hogans) made out of elements such as mud and bark. They also built Pueblos with adobe and stone masonry because to make the house cool(pueblos do not have much holes that makes the sunlight come into).

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They had complex kinship structures. There was a religious belief called Kachina, which is a doll that represents the spirit.

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area consisting of present-day Colorado, California and Arizona

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area including present-day California and northern Baja

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area near Pacific Ocean, including present-day Rocky Mountains

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area including two rivers: Fraser and the Columbia, present-day Oregon and Washington

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physical features: surrounded by mountains(bowl-shaped region)

climate: hot in the north, semitropical in the south

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physical features: high plateaus

climate: microenvironment existing(ex. rainforests, wetlands, grasslands)

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physical features: steep and coastal hills

climate: abundance of precipitation, temperate rainforests

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physical features: hills, high flatlands and mountains

climate: mild, temperate, surrounding mountains protect from air masses

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Bannock, Paiute and Ute

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Hupa, Yurok and Pomo

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Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian

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Salish, Flathead and Nez Percé

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Plateau groups did fishing and had terrestrial animals. They supplemented various camas(baby of camel and llama).

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They had reliable sources of fish so they often did fishing for food which included the salmon, sea mammals and shellfish.

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The agriculture only worked in Colorado river. The rest of them did hunting and gathering. The wild plants they gathered was acorn.

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Hunting and gathering were divided as kin-based groups; they usually had beans called piñon nuts for diet.

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They lived in a common housing called wickiup which is made out of tall sapling. Moreover, they had brush shelter with plain-style tepees.

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Various types of housing were seen in California because there were diverse climates. They had single-family dwellings with elements of wood to buildings. The house was usually dome or cone shaped.

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Large rectangular structures of dwellings appeared in Northwest Coast. They were built of timbers or planks. It was large enough to have many members in one house. Those weather-resistant house could be protected from heavy rain.

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A-frame dwellings were used in the high plateaus. Those were covered with grass or canvas. Since people in plateau were semi-nomadic, it could be able to dismantle.

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They adopted horses and equestrian bison hunting(type of hunting with riding horse).

In addition, they had many material cultures such as digging sticks, basketry, and rock arts.

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The California peoples were popular of making fine basketry. They did trade fairs with other tribes. Moreover, they also believe the religion called Kuksu and Toloache.

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They had stone carvings, totem poles, and basketry.

They also did the potlatch: the gifts to affirm or reaffirm social status. They bribed their economical status by doing this ceremony.

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Many people were skilled horsemen with enhanced mobility and hunting capabilities.

There is a formal political system: each of the tribe needed chief, sub chief, and general assembly who voted.