# data[].attributes.headline
Цели и задачи

# data[].attributes.subject
Цели и задачи

# data[].attributes.body
К концу урока учащиеся смогут анализировать демографические изменения в Казахской ССР в послевоенные годы, оценивать изменения в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности, делать аргументированные выводы.

# data[].attributes.headline
Введение в тему

# data[].attributes.subject
Введение в тему

# data[].attributes.body
Начнем урок с мозгового штурма о послевоенном периоде в СССР. Какие ключевые события и изменения вы помните? Запишите свои мысли.

# data[].attributes.headline
Лекция: Демографические изменения

# data[].attributes.subject
Лекция: Демографические изменения

# data[].attributes.body
Посмотрите видео о демографических изменениях Казахской ССР в послевоенные годы. Запишите ключевые моменты.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Is Russia’s Influence in Central Asia in Decline?

# data[].attributes.headline
Групповая работа: Сельское хозяйство

# data[].attributes.subject
Групповая работа: Сельское хозяйство

# data[].attributes.body
В группах исследуйте изменения в сельском хозяйстве в советское время. Подготовьте презентацию.Padlet может быть использован для совместной работы.

# data[].attributes.headline
Практика: Индустриальное развитие

# data[].attributes.subject
Практика: Индустриальное развитие

# data[].attributes.body
Сравните состояние промышленности до и после войны. Напишите краткий анализ.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The state program of industrial-innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan was approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 1, 2014 No.874.

The goal of the program is to stimulate diversification and improve competitiveness of the secondary industry.

The key objectives of the program are:

rapid development of the secondary industry;

to improve effectiveness and increase value added in priority sectors;

to expand markets for production of non-primary goods;

to increase productive employment;

to ensure new level of technical effectiveness for priority sectors of the secondary industry and provide the basis for

development of sectors of the future by creating innovation clusters;

to promote entrepreneurship and develop small and medium-sized businessesof the secondary industry

As a result of implementation of the State program of industrial-innovative development of Kazakhstan, the following economic indicators should be achieved by 2019 :

increase of production volume of the secondary industry by 43 % in real terms;

increase of gross value added of the secondary industry by no more than 1,4 times in real terms;

increase of labour productivity of the secondary industry by 1,4 times inreal terms;

increase of non-primary (finished) exports by no more than 1,1 times;

decrease of energy value of the secondary industry by no more than15 %;

employment growth in the secondary industry by 29,2 thousand people.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

# data[].attributes.headline
Дополнительные ресурсы

# data[].attributes.subject
Дополнительные ресурсы

# data[].attributes.body
Найдите и прочитайте статьи о социально-экономическом развитии в это время. Подготовьте вопросы для обсуждения.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Kazakhstan has emerged as the biggest success story in the region, since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. Transitioning from a central command economy to a market system has been an epic advancement. The salient feature of the economic development achieved by Kazakhstan is its economic resilience. The ability to recover quickly from a shock, withstand a shock, and avoid the shock altogether, is the primary attribute of economic resilience.

During the initial decade of the 1990s, a wide range of inherited hardships was faced by Kazakhstan, the fledgling state, that included peak inflation of 3,000 percent, an agrarian economy having 36 percent share in production, local products only meeting 42 percent consumer demand, largely a raw material supplier country, only 20 percent passengers and 12 percent cargo using railway transport, and barely 4 percent passengers using air and water routes.

In fact, Kazakhstan had a strategic aspiration to become a modern, diversified market economy well integrated into the global economy. The hydrocarbon resources were viewed as a good basis to achieve this goal. Therefore, Kazakhstan undertook a process of privatization, price liberalization, de-monopolization, debt restructuring, custom reforms, and tax restructuring. Moreover, Kazakhstan established a securities and exchange commission, enacted laws on investment, liberalized trade, reformed the banking system, and established a new government procurement system. These measures were acknowledged globally. Kazakhstan was recognized as a country with a market economy by the European Union in 2001 and the United States in 2002.

The prudent policies implemented by Kazakhstan have produced the desired dividends. The difficulties faced in the first decade of independence have been overcome. So far Kazakhstan has attracted US$390 billion in foreign direct investment. The comparative advantage of having a strategic location between Europe and Asia has been optimized. Reliance on diverse investment resources from the Netherlands, the US, China, Russia, Switzerland, the UK, France, Belgium, and Türkiye is another key advantage.

Investment is blood in the veins of an economy. Investors are loyal until economic stability prevails. Economic stability is maintained when an economy is resilient. It is the economic resilience of Kazakhstan that has made the country a global investment hub. Despite the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, Kazakhstan in 2020 demonstrated the largest increase of 34.9 percent (US$3.9 billion) in net foreign direct investment among 17 countries with a transition economy and 34 landlocked countries. Such investing confidence is exceptional keeping in view the decline of 35 percent in global investment.

Let us analyze two recent events that shocked Kazakhstan but its economic resilience restored stability.

During the first week of January 2022, an outbreak of violence took place in Kazakhstan when peaceful rallies against the rise of gas prices turned into terrorist turmoil. The protests were hijacked by bandits, looters, and armed terrorists. Almaty, the commercial and financial center of Central Asia, was the epicenter of violence. The perpetrators tried to disorganize the government institutions and undermine the constitutional order. President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev rose to the occasion and made an immediate change at the helm of the National Security Committee which is a key counter-terrorism agency. Alikhan Smailov was elevated to the position of Prime Minister. President Tokayev assigned immediate tasks to the new government to restructure and bring about targeted reforms to address the crisis and support the long-term well-being of the people of Kazakhstan.

At the official request of the government of Kazakhstan, a peacekeeping contingent of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) arrived. Against all international rumors, the peacekeeping forces of CSTO left Kazakhstan on Jan. 19, after assisting the law and order forces of Kazakhstan in stabilizing the situation and restoring the rule of law.

A big number of measures have already been implemented under the comprehensive action plan of equal distribution of wealth, uniform regional development, eradication of poverty, and long-term stability. In this crisis, some amazing socio-economic values were observed. During this troubled time, local citizens demonstrated respect for the foreigners and helped them in procuring groceries. When after de-escalation of violence, local citizens swarmed into the utility stores, none of them tried to capture more than one or two boxes of eggs, packs of milk and bread, etc., in sheer regard for everyone's needs.

The government of Kazakhstan was very successful in the price control of consumer items. The entrepreneurs suffering damage during the fierce violence also received state compensation. Moreover, the depreciation of tenge was also not experienced due to effective exchange control of the Central Bank. By the end of January, things were back to normal. Prompt recovery from the shocks of January events evidences the resilience of Kazakhstan's economy.

Then, the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict was another shock for the Kazakh economy. Two third of oil exports of the country take place via the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), the world's largest international oil transportation project involving Russian and Kazakh companies to the Russian port of Novorossiysk on the Black Sea. The country's oil exports through this route have been disrupted several times. Being aware of its potential as a transit hub, Kazakhstan is seeking to re-route part of its oil exports via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline that ends in Turkey.

The prevailing geopolitical situation was creating delays at ports in transporting Kazakh cargo due to sanctions imposed against Russia. Hence, Kazakhstan has switched its focus to the alternative route the Middle Corridor i.e. Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR) that runs through China, Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and European countries. KTZ Express confirms that the volume of shipments along TITR has tripled in the first seven months of 2022 i.e. from 311,000 tons to 845,000 tons. This is how the resilient economy of Kazakhstan finds its way amid a critical situation.

It is obvious that the economic developers in Kazakhstan have played a very strategic role in building economic resilience. Efforts are always there to enable the Kazakh economy to recover from the downturns in the national or global economy, and external impacts from natural or man-made disasters. The inherent economic resilience has magnetic significance for foreign direct investment. Kazakhstan is the recipient of 70 percent of FDI inflows to Central Asia. Therefore, Kazakhstan is progressing well toward its goal to become one of the world's top 30 economies by 2050.
The author is Muhammad Rafiq (Pakistan), a senior banker based in Kazakhstan, with a keen interest in Central Asian studies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Economic Resilience of Kazakhstan - The Astana Times

# data[].attributes.body
Проведите викторину по пройденному материалу, чтобы оценить знания учащихся.

# data[].attributes.body
Учитель оценивает ответы и участие учащихся в ходе дискуссий и работы в группах.

# data[].attributes.headline
Тестирование

# data[].attributes.subject
Тестирование

# data[].attributes.body
Предложите учащимся тест, в котором будут вопросы по демографическим и экономическим изменениям.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Introduction

Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Kazakh steppe was conquered by the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation caused by forced agricultural collectivization led to more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan's independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds.

Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

slightly less than four times the size of Texas

highest point: Pik Khan-Tengri 7,010 m
note - the northern most 7,000 meter peak in the World

lowest point: Qauyndy Oyysy -132 m

mean elevation: 387 m

agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)

People and Society

Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)

Книга фактов о мире - незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Nearly 40% of Kazakhstan's population is under the age of 25. Like many former Soviet states, Kazakhstan's total fertility rate (TFR) - the average number of births per woman - decreased after independence amidst economic problems and fell below replacement level, 2.1. However, in the late 2000s, as the economy improved and incomes rose, Kazakhstan experienced a small baby boom and TFR reached 2.5. TFR has since fallen and is now just over 2.1. Mortality rates are also decreasing and life expectancy is rising, signs that Kazakhstan's demographic transition is progressing.

Kazakhstan has a diverse population consisting of Asian ethnic groups (predominantly Kazakhs, as well as Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Tatars) and ethnic Europeans (mainly Russians but also Ukrainians and Germans). Approximately two thirds of Kazakhstan's population today is Kazakh. During the mid-20 th century, as Kazakhstan industrialized, waves of ethnic Russians and deportees from other parts of the Soviet Union arrived. Eventually, the ethnic Russian population outnumbered the Kazakhs. In the 1990s, following Kazakhstan's independence, Russian and other ethnic Europeans began emigrating, while some ethnic Kazakhs (referred to as Oralmans) returned to their homeland from neighboring countries, China, and Mongolia. As a result, the country's ethnic make-up changed, and a Kazakh majority was reestablished.

In recent years, Kazakhstan has shifted from being mainly a migrant-sending country to a migrant-receiving country. Due to its oil-driven economic boom, Kazakhstan has become a more popular destination. The country needs highly skilled workers in the industrial, business, and education sectors and low-skilled labor in agriculture, markets, services, and construction. Kazakhstan is increasingly reliant on migrant workers, primarily from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, to fill its labor shortage. At the same time, highly skilled Kazakhs continue to emigrate, mostly to Russia, seeking higher salaries or further education.

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 93.8% of population

total: 97.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 6.2% of population

total: 2.6% of population (2020 est.)

improved: urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 99.9% of population

total: 99.9% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 0.1% of population

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

Environment

agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)

Government

description: bicameral Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of:
Senate (50 seats); 40 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 10 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)
Mazhilis (98 seats; 69 members directly elected in a single national constituency by party list proportional representation vote (5% minimum threshold to gain seats) and 29 directly elected in single-seat constituencies to serve 5-year terms

elections: Senate - last held on 14 January 2023 (next to be held in 2026)
Mazhilis - last held on 19 March 2023 (next to be held in 2026)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of April 2023) - men 39, women 11, percent of women 22%
Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Amanat (formerly Nur Otan) 53.9%, Auvl 10.9%, Respublica 8.6%, Ak Zhol 8.4%, QHP 6.8%, NSDP 5.2%, Baytak 2.3%, Against all 3.9%; percent of vote by party (single-mandate districts) Amanat (formerly Nur Otan) 75.9%, Independent 24%; seats by party Amanat (formerly Nur Qtan) 62, Auvl 8, Respublica 6, Ak Zhol 6, QHP 5, NSDP 4, Independents 7; composition (as of March 2023) - men 80, women 18, percent of women 18.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 19.6%

Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]
Amanat Party [Yerlan KOSHANOV] (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland))
Baytak (Boundless) Party [Azamatkhan AMIRTAY]
National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Askhat RAKHIMZHANOV]
People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party or Auyl or AHDPP [Ali BEKTAYEV]
People's Party of Kazakhstan or QHP [Yermkhamet YERTYSBAYEV]
Respublica Party [Avdarbek KHODZHANAZAROV]

Economy

$496.126 billion (2021 est.)
$475.672 billion (2020 est.)
$487.869 billion (2019 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

comparison ranking: 41

$26,100 (2021 est.)
$25,400 (2020 est.)
$26,400 (2019 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

comparison ranking: 78

$159.351 billion (2019 est.)
$163.73 billion (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 46

tenge (KZT) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
425.908 (2021 est.)
412.953 (2020 est.)
382.747 (2019 est.)
344.706 (2018 est.)
326.001 (2017 est.)

Energy

electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

263.689 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 195.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 39.205 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 28.557 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 25

Communications

Transportation

63

civil airports: 18

military airports: 5

joint use (civil-military) airports: 2

other airports: 38

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the "typical" length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

Military and Security

Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Police, National Guard

Committee for National Security (KNB): Border Guard Service (2023)

note: the National Guard is a gendarmerie type force administered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but also serves the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for fighting crime, maintaining public order, and ensuring public safety; other duties include anti-terrorism operations, guarding prisons, riot control, and territorial defense in time of war

0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
1% of GDP (2021 est.)
1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
1.1% of GDP (2019 est.)
0.9% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 148

Kazakhstan's armed forces were formed in 1992 following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the disbandment of the Soviet Turkestan Military District whose forces formed the core of the new Kazakh military; the military's principal responsibilities are territorial defense while the National Police, National Guard, Committee for National Security, and Border Service have primary responsibility for internal security, although the military may provide assistance as required; the military also participates in humanitarian and peacekeeping operations; in 2008, Kazakhstan opened up Central Asia's first peacekeeper training center for military personnel of Kazakhstan, NATO, and other partners

in 2022, Kazakhstan initiated a wide-ranging effort to enhance the country's security sector, including organizational changes such as establishing new National Guard units, enhancing existing ones, and forming a special operations force, spending increases for equipment acquisitions, a new doctrine with renewed emphasis on defense of the border, and reforms to improve professionalism in the military

information on the military's structure varies with the Land Forces reportedly having about 15 combat brigades, which include a mix of air assault and mechanized infantry, tank, artillery, and surface-to-surface missile forces; the Naval Forces include a naval infantry brigade and patrol craft for operating on the Caspian Sea; the Air Defense Forces have over 100 combat aircraft, largely of Soviet-origin, but also some more modern Russian-made fighter aircraft; the National Guard is organized into regions and deployed throughout the country

Kazakhstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and has obligated troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; it also has a relationship with NATO focused on democratic, institutional, and defense reforms; relations with NATO started in 1992, and Kazakhstan joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program in 1995 (2023)

Space

has an active and ambitious space program that originated with the former Soviet Union; focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; builds (with foreign assistance) and operates communications, remote sensing (RS), and scientific satellites; building space infrastructure, such as launch and testing facilities, ground stations, and rocket manufacturing; has an astronaut (cosmonaut) program; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, and the UK; has state-owned and private companies that assist in the development and building of the country's space program, including satellites, satellite payloads, and associated capabilities; they also work closely with foreign commercial entities (2023)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country's space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Transnational Issues

Kazakhstan-China: in 1998, Kazakhstan and China agreed to split two disputed border areas nearly evenly; demarcation with China completed in 2002

Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border

Kazakhstan-Russia: Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013

Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan signed a treaty on the delimitation and demarcation process in 2001; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to their border in the Caspian Sea in 2014

Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and planned to hold another meeting in April 2022

stateless persons: 7,558 (2022)

part of the "Northern Route," land drug trafficking route from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe; domestic manufacturing of synthetics increasing and domestic drug use trends to synthetic drugs outpacing heroin and cannabis;

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Kazakh steppe was conquered by the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925.

# data[].attributes.headline
Групповое обсуждение

# data[].attributes.subject
Групповое обсуждение

# data[].attributes.body
Обсудите в группе, какие изменения в экономике и обществе Казахстана были самыми значительными и почему.

# data[].attributes.headline
Экспресс-опрос

# data[].attributes.subject
Экспресс-опрос

# data[].attributes.body
Каждый студент отвечает на вопрос: "Что вы узнали нового о послевоенном развитии Казахской ССР?" Оставьте свои ответы на Padlet.

# data[].attributes.headline
Чтение и заметки

# data[].attributes.subject
Чтение и заметки

# data[].attributes.body
Прочитайте главу из бесплатного ресурса о развитии Казахстана и сделайте заметки.

# data[].attributes.body
Напишите эссе о значительных изменениях в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности в послевоенный период.