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The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens and a group of tailors, was a significant American labor organization aiming to unite all workers regardless of skill, gender, or race. It advocated for labor reforms such as an eight-hour workday, the abolition of child labor, and equal pay for equal work. Based in the United States, it reached peak membership in the mid-1880s but declined after the Haymarket Affair in 1886 and internal conflicts. The organization sought to improve working conditions and promote economic and social reforms for a fairer society.

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The Panic of 1873, triggered by the collapse of Jay Cooke & Company on September 18, 1873, was a financial crisis that caused widespread bank failures, bankruptcies, and high unemployment in the United States and Europe. It resulted from speculative investments in railroads, economic overexpansion, and a subsequent loss of confidence and credit contraction.

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The American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, was a national federation of labor unions in the United States that aimed to secure higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions for skilled workers through effective organization and negotiation.

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American Federation of Labor (American Labor Movement)

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The working class, consisting of wage earners in manual and industrial labor, emerged in urban and industrial areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They played a crucial role in supporting industrialization and economic growth, driven by the demand for labor due to technological advancements and mass production.

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Scientific Management (19th Century to 20th Century)

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Scientific Management (19th Century to 20th Century)

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Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scientific management is a theory aimed at improving economic efficiency and labor productivity through systematic measurement and analysis of workflows. It was primarily applied in the United States, particularly in industrial settings, to optimize work processes, reduce waste, and standardize tasks.

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The New Consumer Culture (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century)

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The New Consumer Culture (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century)

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The new consumer culture, emerging in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, involved the general public and businesses, particularly middle-class consumers and department stores. It marked a shift towards mass consumption driven by industrialization, increased production, effective advertising, and rising middle-class disposable income, fundamentally changing consumption patterns and lifestyles.

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The New Consumer Culture (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century)

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Consumer Culture in the Late 19th Century