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What causes a black hole to form?

a) A massive star exploding at the end of its life.

b) A massive star reaching the end of its life and its core running out of fuel.

c) A star colliding with another star.

d) A star being consumed by another black hole.

What is the boundary of a black hole called?

a) Singularity

b) Event horizon

c) Schwarzschild radius

d) Accretion disk

What happens to an object that gets too close to a black hole?

a) It gets repelled away.

b) It gets sucked in because of the gravitational pull.

c) It orbits the black hole indefinitely.

d) It remains unaffected.

How do smaller black holes compare to larger ones in terms of gravitational force?

a) Smaller black holes have less powerful gravitational forces.

b) Smaller black holes have more powerful gravitational forces.

c) Both have the same gravitational forces.

d) It depends on the distance from the black hole.

What happens to an observer watching someone fall into a black hole?

a) They see the person fall in rapidly and disappear instantly.

b) They see the person fall in slowly, getting frozen and eventually dimming away.

c) They see the person get repelled away.

d) They see the person remain at the event horizon forever.

What newly discovered black hole is mentioned in the transcript?

a) One located 1011 light years away from our solar system.

b) One located 2500 light years away from our solar system.

c) One located in the star system HR6819, estimated to be about 4 times the mass of the sun.

d) One located in the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

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Comprehension Questions:

1. Who is the main character introduced in the first chapter, and what does she do to save the runt pig?

2. What name does Fern give to the pig, and why does she choose that name?

3. How does Wilbur feel when he is moved to the barn, and who are his new companions?

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. Why do you think Fern was so determined to save the runt pig, even though her father was going to get rid of it?

2. What does the story suggest about the relationship between humans and animals? How do you think this relationship might develop in the book?

3. If you were in Fern's place, would you have done the same thing to save Wilbur? Why or why not?

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1. what is the abbreviation "NASA" stand for?

2. Why the first living creature in space is dog, why not human?

3. What is a 'war of threat'

4. What do you do if you get in a spacestation

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During the time that has passed since the launching of the first artificial satellite in 1957, astronauts have traveled to the moon, probes have explored the solar system, and instruments in space have discovered thousands of planets around other stars.

Subjects

Earth Science, Astronomy, Social Studies, U.S. History, World History

Image

Apollo 11 Astronauts on Moon

A less belligerent, but no less competitive, part of the Cold War was the space race. The Soviet Union bested its rival at nearly every turn, until the U.S. beat them to the finish line by landing astronauts on the moon.

NASA photograph

We human beings have been venturing into space since October 4, 1957, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. This happened during the period of political hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States known as the Cold War. For several years, the two superpowers had been competing to develop missiles, called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), to carry nuclear weapons between continents. In the U.S.S.R., the rocket designer Sergei Korolev had developed the first ICBM, a rocket called the R7, which would begin the space race.

This competition came to a head with the launch of Sputnik. Carried atop an R7 rocket, the Sputnik satellite was able to send out beeps from a radio transmitter. After reaching space, Sputnik orbited Earth once every 96 minutes. The radio beeps could be detected on the ground as the satellite passed overhead, so people all around the world knew that it was really in orbit. Realizing that the U.S.S.R. had capabilities that exceeded U.S. technologies that could endanger Americans, the United States grew worried. Then, a month later, on November 3, 1957, the Soviets achieved an even more impressive space venture. This was SputnikII, a satellite that carried a living creature, a dog named Laika.

Prior to the launch of Sputnik, the United States had been working on its own capability to launch a satellite. The United States made two failed attempts to launch a satellite into space before succeeding with a rocket that carried a satellite called Explorer on January 31, 1958. The team that achieved this first U.S. satellite launch consisted largely of German rocket engineers who had once developed ballistic missiles for Nazi Germany. Working for the U.S. Army at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, the German rocket engineers were led by Wernher von Braun and had developed the German V2 rocket into a more powerful rocket, called the Jupiter C, or Juno. Explorer carried several instruments into space for conducting science experiments. One instrument was a Geiger counter for detecting cosmic rays. This was for an experiment operated by researcher James Van Allen, which, together with measurements from later satellites, proved the existence of what are now called the Van Allen radiation belts around Earth.

In 1958, space exploration activities in the United States were consolidated into a new government agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations in October of 1958, NASA absorbed what had been called the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and several other research and military facilities, including the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (the Redstone Arsenal) in Huntsville.

The first human in space was the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who made one orbit around Earth on April 12, 1961, on a flight that lasted 108 minutes. A little more than three weeks later, NASA launched astronaut Alan Shepard into space, not on an orbital flight, but on a suborbital trajectory-a flight that goes into space but does not go all the way around Earth. Shepard's suborbital flight lasted just over 15 minutes. Three weeks later, on May 25, President John F. Kennedy challenged the United States to an ambitious goal, declaring: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth."

In addition to launching the first artificial satellite, the first dog in space, and the first human in space, the Soviet Union achieved other space milestones ahead of the United States. These milestones included Luna 2, which became the first human-made object to hit the Moon in 1959. Soon after that, the U.S.S.R. launched Luna 3. Less than four months after Gagarin's flight in 1961, a second Soviet human mission orbited a cosmonaut around Earth for a full day. The U.S.S.R. also achieved the first spacewalk and launched the Vostok 6 mission, which made Valentina Tereshkova the first woman to travel to space.

During the 1960s, NASA made progress toward President Kennedy's goal of landing a human on the moon with a program called Project Gemini, in which astronauts tested technology needed for future flights to the moon, and tested their own ability to endure many days in spaceflight. Project Gemini was followed by Project Apollo, which took astronauts into orbit around the moon and to the lunar surface between 1968 and 1972. In 1969, on Apollo11, the United States sent the first astronauts to the Moon, and Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on its surface. During the landed missions, astronauts collected samples of rocks and lunar dust that scientists still study to learn about the moon. During the 1960s and 1970s, NASA also launched a series of space probes called Mariner, which studied Venus, Mars, and Mercury.

Space stations marked the next phase of space exploration. The first space station in Earth orbit was the Soviet Salyut 1 station, which was launched in 1971. This was followed by NASA's Skylab space station, the first orbital laboratory in which astronauts and scientists studied Earth and the effects of spaceflight on the human body. During the 1970s, NASA also carried out Project Viking in which two probes landed on Mars, took numerous photographs, examined the chemistry of the Martian surface environment, and tested the Martian dirt (called regolith) for the presence of microorganisms.

Since the Apollo lunar program ended in 1972, human space exploration has been limited to low-Earth orbit, where many countries participate and conduct research on the International Space Station. However, unpiloted probes have traveled throughout our solar system. In recent years, probes have made a range of discoveries, including that a moon of Jupiter, called Europa, and a moon of Saturn, called Enceladus, have oceans under their surface ice that scientists think may harbor life. Meanwhile, instruments in space, such as the Kepler Space Telescope, and instruments on the ground have discovered thousands of exoplanets, planets orbiting other stars. This era of exoplanet discovery began in 1995, and advanced technology now allows instruments in space to characterize the atmospheres of some of these exoplanets.

Media Credits

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October 19, 2023

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During the time that has passed since the launching of the first artificial satellite in 1957, astronauts have traveled to the moon, probes have explored the solar system, and instruments in space have discovered thousands of planets around other stars.

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1. What happens to a person's hair when they get goosebumps?

2. Why do you think Trevor asked Doug about goosebumps?

3. What does "puffing up" mean in the context of the video?

4. What causes animals' fur or feathers to puff up when they are cold?

5. List the steps Doug takes to explain why we get goosebumps in the video.

Critical thinking

1. Why do you think animals’ fur or feathers puff up when they’re cold? How does it help them?

2. Why do you think humans still get goosebumps even though we don’t have much hair on our bodies?

3. Can you think of a time when you got goosebumps that wasn’t because you were cold? What do you think caused it?

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Why do we get goosebumps when we're cold?

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Wonderoos "Trying New Food" Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions

Comprehension Questions

1. What does it mean when one of the characters says, "I'm a bit nervous" about trying new food?

2. What is the meaning of "flavor" when the characters describe what they taste?

3. How do the characters feel when they describe a food as "yucky"? What does "yucky" mean?

4. What does the word "curious" mean when a character says they're curious about a new food?

5. What does the phrase "step out of your comfort zone" mean in the context of trying new foods?

Other Types of Questions

1. True or False: The characters were excited to try new foods at the beginning of the video. Explain your answer.

2. Fill in the Blank: When the characters tried the new food, they were __________ (nervous, excited, scared).

3. Multiple Choice: What did the characters learn about trying new foods?
a) All new foods taste bad
b) It’s okay to try new things
c) They should never eat anything unfamiliar

4. Short Answer: Describe a moment in the video when a character changed their mind about a food they didn’t want to try. What made them change their mind?

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Why do you think some of the characters were hesitant to try new foods? How do their reactions change after tasting?

2. How does trying new foods in this clip relate to trying new experiences in real life? Can you think of a time when you tried something new that you were unsure about?

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·  The little girl carefully watered the plants in the garden every morning.

·  The firefighters quickly rescued the family from the burning building.

·  The librarian organized all the books on the shelves by their colors.

·  The construction workers built the bridge over the river in record time.

·  My grandfather told us an interesting story about his childhood.

·  The art teacher showed the students how to paint a landscape.

·  The chef prepared a delicious cake for the birthday celebration.

·  The children watched an exciting movie at the cinema with their friends.

·  The volunteers cleaned up the beach to make it look beautiful.

·  The scientist explained the experiment to the class very clearly.

·  The school will hold an art exhibition next month.

·  The students are discussing the new book for their class project.

·  They might announce the results later this evening.

·  We should follow the instructions carefully.

·  The committee had already reviewed the applications before the deadline.

·  My sister is helping me with my science project.

·  The chef has been preparing the meals since early this morning.

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Writting prompt:

1. How did you meet your best friend.

2. Which school period do you like the most and why?