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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown.

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Before the American Constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution.

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight if they were not compensated.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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Today is Bill of Rights Day to recognize the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the day in 1941. The Bill of Rights guarantees freedoms such as: Freedom of religion, speech, and the press The right to assemble peacefully and to petition the government Protections against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and the right to due process The right to a fair... - National Cemetery Administration (NCA) U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

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Today is Bill of Rights Day to recognize the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the day…

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union.

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists.

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A colonist who supported British rule.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships

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Campaign to end slavery

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Manufacturing businesses that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof with specialized tasks

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Opposed Jackson's leadership style and promoted protective tariffs and federal funding for internal improvements

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19th century belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the whole continent

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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A series of resolutions introduced by Henry Clay to avert crisis between North and South, including amendments to the Fugitive Slave Act and other territorial changes

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Passed in 1854, allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery, repealing the Missouri Compromise

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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Granted African American men voting rights

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York; popularized steel rails

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers

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Known as the steel king; pioneered “Vertical Integration” to control all phases of steel-making

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success

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Created the Standard Oil Company; by 1877 controlled 95% of U.S. refineries

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the economy grew rapidly and monopolies amassed wealth

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Banker who reorganized railroads, insurance, and banks; bought out Carnegie and formed U.S. Steel in 1901

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Organized groups of workers using collective bargaining to improve working conditions

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Positive name for wealthy business owners who strengthened the U.S. through business pursuits

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend money for the greater good

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Negative term for wealthy business owners who monopolized industries through unethical practices

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The campaign to allow female voters.

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism.

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation, weakened by U.S. refusal to join.

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Practice of buying stock for a fraction of its price and borrowing the rest at high interest.

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Prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933.

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Principle that all countries should have equal access to ports open to trade in China.

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Resolution to WWI that blamed Germany, demanded reparations, and dismantled its military.

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Tax on imports.

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Belief that the U.S. should avoid overseas politics, alliances, or wars.

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Political orientation to maintain a strong military force and use it aggressively.

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Movement of African Americans from the South to industrial centers in the Northeast and Midwest.

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Popular way to describe the New Deal — relief, recovery, and reform.

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Policy in which a strong nation dominates others politically, socially, and economically.

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Political ideology stressing people’s membership in a nation.

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German message to Mexico urging invasion of the U.S. in exchange for land recovery.

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American WWII strategy of claiming Pacific territory step by step to defeat Japan.

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The death and destruction of six million Jews and five million others by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations; created to solve the world’s political problems.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Metaphorical division between communist and democratic Europe, named by Winston Churchill.

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Military alliance between Eastern European countries and the USSR.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading, even through U.S. military force.

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Belief that if one country became communist, its neighbors would follow.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons, others will retaliate, ending civilization.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons; first used in Hiroshima.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs; capable of destroying entire cities and irradiating countries.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Supreme Court case that ended segregation in public schools.

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Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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An economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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The general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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Individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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Actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability.