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Genova Conventions:  A series of international treaties that set the standards for humanitarian treatment in war, including rules for the protection of civilians, prisoners of war, and soldiers who are wounded or sick.

Isolationism: a political philosophy advocating a foreign policy that opposes involvement in the political affairs, and especially the wars, of other countries.

Oligarchy: is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people.

Plutocracy: A government or society ruled by the wealthy; political power comes from having great economic influence.

Unilaterism: When a country makes decisions or takes actions on its own in international affairs, without seeking support or cooperation from other nations.

Parlimentary System: type of democratic government where the executive branch (prime minister and cabinet) comes directly from the legislature (parliament) and is accountable to it.

Totaliarism: A political system where the government has total control over public and private life, often led by a dictator, with no tolerance for opposition or individual freedoms.

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1) A colloquialism is any form of expression, either written or spoken, that seeks to imitate informal speech.

2) Cacophony refers to harsh sounds.

3) symploce: the combining of anaphora and antistrophe: that is, the repetition of both the beginning and ending of successive phrases or clauses. For example, Bill Clinton said, when there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it.

4) synecdoche: a specific type of metaphor, is the use of a part to represent the whole, or vice versa. For example, 10 head of cattle refers to 10 complete animals and not just 10 heads, and the law can refer to a particular law officer instead of the entire system of justice.

5) Zeugma: a literary term for using one word to modify two other words, in two different ways.

6) synaesthesia: expressing one sensory sensation in terms of another; or example, using "red hot" to describe something combines the senses of sight and touch. Another example is when someone claims to be able to "smell the cold" or "taste the pain".

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a 20th century English philosopher and mathematician, is often considered the greatest philosopher of the past century. He was an advocate for social reform and a staunch pacifist. One of his most famous statements is, “war does not determine who is right, only who is left.”

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was a Scottish Empire essayist known for his assertion that inductive knowledge is not certain, which led to the philosophical position of skepticism. Many consider Hume the first conservative philosopher. Hume's economic theories were developed by John Maynard Keynes.

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a German moralist, rejected traditional Christian and Jewish morality, wrote the famously misconstrued and misinterpreted “God is dead”, and developed the idea of the Übermensch, a superhuman being who is not bound by the conventional notions of right and wrong.

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Was an 18th century French philosopher who was the leader of the Enlightenment movement. His theories and beliefs expressed in the social contract influenced the French Revolution.

Rousseau believed in the state of nature where by people are inherently good but get corrupted by social institutions, a central idea in romanticism.

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a 20th century French existentialist, wrote Being and Nothingness, and the play No Exit. Jean-Paul Sartre had a deep yearning for freedom and believed that the self was on a journey towards something. Jean Paul Sartre was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature, but declined to accept the award.

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He was an American philosopher and educational reformer, and one of the founders of the school of pragmatism. On the academic front, Dewey advocated for critical thinking and problem-solving skills instead of rote memorization. One of his famous statements regarding education is “ education is not a preparation for life; education is life itself.”

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Was an English empiricist. He asserted that people are born with a tabula rasa, a blank slate, and that experience shapes their ideas. He argued that governments needed the consent of the governed and heavily influenced the founding fathers of America. Locke’s most famous works are An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government.

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Initially a follower of Kegel, he was a German philosopher who took some of Kegel’s ideas and transformed them into Communism. One of his many famous ideas is that “existence precedes consciousness.” The Communist Manifesto and Capital are his two most famous works.

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He was an ancient Greek philosopher who changed the nature of the field from natural sciences to ethics and politics. He is most famous for the Socratic method, which utilizes a series of questions and answers to discover the truth. The citizens of Athens condemned him to death for corrupting the youth and denying the gods. Socrates calmly drank hemlock and died nobly.

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Was Socrates' student. He is considered the most crucial figure of Western philosophy. Plato founded a school called the Academy, and most of his writings are dialogues. His best-known dialogues are the Republic and the Symposium, with "The Allegory of the Cave" - his theory of ideal forms - being the most famous dialogue.

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blue collar:jobs involving manual labor and often associated with the working class

example: Manufacturing, Construction, Mechanics

Bible Belt:primarily located in the Southern United States, is a region where evangelical Protestant Christianity significantly influences society and politics

example: people that live their life following strictly a Christian world view

pecking order: In social studies, the term pecking order refers to a social hierarchy—a ranked structure within a group where individuals or groups hold varying levels of power, status, or influence.

example: Corporate Ladder: Executives (CEO, CFO) at the top, followed by senior managers, mid-level staff, and entry-level employees.

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Taboo: A social or cultural prohibition—something considered unacceptable or forbidden. Example: school shootings.

Scapegoat: Act of unfairly blaming an individual or group for problems they didn’t cause. It’s often used to deflect attention from the real source of conflict or failure.

Assimilation: The process where a minority group gradually adopts the customs, traditions, and cultural practices of a dominant group, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the dominant group.

Altruism: Refers to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost, without expectation of reward or reciprocity.

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Dissonance- refers to the use of harsh, discordance sound. Although often used interchangeably with cacophony, cacophony refers to the sounds themselves, whereas dissonance refers to the result of cacophony for the desired effect.

Denotation- is the dictionary definition of a word

Rogerian argument - is a strategy for argument developed by Carl Rogers that is less confrontational and adversarial than traditional debate. A Rogerian argument recognizes the validity of opposing position and attempt to negotiate a compromise between opposing views.

paradox - is a statement that initially seems contradictory and nonsensical but upon further examination, makes sense. The phrase -we must fight for peace- is considered a paradox.

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A flashback is a scene that interrupts the present action of the narrative in order to detectan earlier event. Flashback is a form of an alepsis.

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Satire: is a form of writing that has a moral purpose - it wants to both criticize and correct the shortcomings of theauthor witnesses in his or her world. Jonathan Swift a modest proposal, Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange, and the comic strip Doonesbury are all examples of satire.

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A biography is the non-specialized account of a person's life, told by another person.

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A pun is a play on words that capitalizes on the similarity of spelling or pronunciation, usually for comic effect.

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An autobiography is the non-fictional Live account of a person's life, told by that person.

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An aphorism is a concise, pointed statement that reveals a truth or principle. Aphorism so long and are used so much is lost or considered proverbs. For example,Lenin’s statement a life told often enough becomes the truth is an aphorism.

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Pedantic: mean characterized by a narrow, often tiresome, focus on learning, usually emphasizing the minute details.

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Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique in which an author attempts to capture the flow of thoughts andsensory impressions of characters as they pass through his or her mind. James Joyce, William Faulkner, and VirginiaWoolf typically use stream of consciousness in their text.

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An epithet is an adjective or phrase used to emphasize certain characteristics. For example, Abraham Lincoln is coldthe great Emancipator and Richard I known as Richard the Lionheart.

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An essay is a non-fiction composition that usually explores for develop a single topic. Generally written in prose, theessay typically has elements of one or more of four categories: argument, description, exposition, or narration. May beformal or informal in nature, depending on the purpose and audience.

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psychoanalysisa- Theory and therapy developed by Sigmund Freud, explores the influence of unconscious processes on human behavior and thought.

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A Type A personality is characterized by traits like ambition, competitiveness, and a sense of time urgency. These individuals are often high-achievers, but can also experience higher levels of stress and potential health risks according to health resources

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A Type B personality is characterized by being relaxed, easygoing, and less competitive than a Type A personality. They tend to be more patient, reflective, and less driven by deadlines and achievements.