# data[].attributes.body
A complex society with social structures, cultural development, and technological advancements

# data[].attributes.body
A European economic theory that increased the prosperity of a nation through trade

# data[].attributes.body
The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Old World and the New World

# data[].attributes.body
A person who signs a contract to work for a certain period in exchange for room, board, and sometimes land or money

# data[].attributes.body
A system where enslaved people were legally defined as property and could be bought, sold, and inherited

# data[].attributes.body
English protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who tried to purify the Church of England of its Catholic Elements

# data[].attributes.body
A system of commerce that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial era

# data[].attributes.body
A Spanish labor system that granted them Native American laborers for forced labor in exchange for protection and religious conversion

# data[].attributes.body
5 of the 13 British colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) that developed an agricultural economy from plantations and crops, relying on forced labor

# data[].attributes.body
4 of the 13 colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware) they had cultural and religious diversity

# data[].attributes.body
A group of British colonies founded in the early 17th century, primarily by Puritans (the Northernmost of the original 13 colonies)

# data[].attributes.body
The boundary drawn by the British prohibiting American colonists from settling west of the line. This was intended to prevent conflict with Native Americans after the Seven Years' War

# data[].attributes.body
A colonist who supported independence from Britain during the American Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
Colonists who were loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
The United States' first constitution creating a weak central government with most power residing in the individual states

# data[].attributes.body
The first American political party that advocated for a strong central government, a national bank, and federal supremacy over states' rights. They wrote the Federalist Papers, supporting the Constitution's ratification.

# data[].attributes.body
People who opposed the ratification of the Constitution because they feared the strong, central government would infringe on states' and individuals' liberties. They wanted a Bill of Rights to protect citizens' freedoms.

# data[].attributes.body
An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, science, and skepticism of traditional authority, laying the ideological groundwork for the American Revolution and foundational documents like the Declaration of Independence.

# data[].attributes.body
The first proposal for a unified, centralized government to manage the British North American colonies. It aimed to create a collective defense against the French and Native Americans, but it was never implemented.

# data[].attributes.body
A 1787 law by the Confederation Congress that created a government for the Northwest Territory. It provided a framework for governing and admitting new states from the land west of the original states and north of the Ohio River.

# data[].attributes.body
An unsuccessful 1783 rebellion by officers of the Continental Army who demanded back pay and pension promises from the Confederation Congress, which was struggling to pay its debts.

# data[].attributes.body
AKA Connecticut Compromise, a pivotal agreement made at the Constitutional Convention that established the structure of the US Congress. Created a bicameral legislature. A blend of the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.

# data[].attributes.body
An agreement made during the Constitutional Convention, where 3/5 of the enslaved population was counted for purposes of determining representation in Congress and taxation. It gave Southern states more power in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain's unofficial policy from the late 17th to mid-18th century of loosely enforcing parliamentary laws and trade regulations in its American colonies. It allowed the colonies to develop greater autonomy and self-governance. It ended after the Seven Years' War.

# data[].attributes.body
An organization that coordinates candidates to compete in elections and participate in governance. It is common that members hold similar ideas about politics, ideologies, and policy goals.

# data[].attributes.body
An 1803 SCOTUS case that established Judicial Review (the power of courts to determine the constitutionality of laws and actions by the legislative and executive)

# data[].attributes.body
A social reform effort that advocated for the reduction or moderation of alcoholic beverages. It viewed alcohol as a root cause of poverty, domestic violence, and other societal ills.

# data[].attributes.body
A social and political campaign that sought to end slavery and the slave trade and promote the rights of enslaved people.

# data[].attributes.body
A social and political effort to achieve equality for women, advocating for property ownership, education, equal employment, and the right to vote.

# data[].attributes.body
A machine invented by Eli Whitney that efficiently separates cotton fibers from their seeds. This led to the widespread expansion of cotton cultivation and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
Uses pressure from boiling water to perform mechanical work. They became a dominant power source during the Industrial Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
A manufacturing method that centralized production in large facilities. It used machinery powered by water or steam, a disciplined workforce and division of labor to produce goods.

# data[].attributes.body
A human-made waterway constructed to connect bodies of water. They improved trade, commerce, and transportation.

# data[].attributes.body
A foreign policy statement delivered by President James Monroe, which warned European powers against further colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere, in return, the US pledged to remain out of European affairs.

# data[].attributes.body
The oldest political party in the US. Believe in free trade, social programs, labor unions, equal opportunity, disability rights, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
A political party in the US that favored the economic program known as the American System supported a national bank, a protective tariff, and federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure.

# data[].attributes.body
The electromagnetic device perfected by Samuel Morse that converted messages into electric impulses and back into readable text at a distant location.

# data[].attributes.body
Identical, pre-manufactured components that can be substituted for one another in a product. Led to mass production, lower costs, and easier repairs.

# data[].attributes.body
The act of forcibly taking men into public service, most often the navy, without their consent. It was deeply unpopular and inhumane, which caused riots and contributed to conflicts like the War of 1812.

# data[].attributes.body
The belief that the US was divinely destined to expand across the North American continent, which justified the country's expansion.

# data[].attributes.body
A series of 5 laws passed by the US Congress to de-escalate tensions over slavery by addressing territorial expansion. It aimed to prevent the civil war, but ultimately increased sectional division.

# data[].attributes.body
US law that organized the Kansas and Nebraska territories and allowed settlers to decide whether to allow slavery through popular sovereignty. It repealed the Missouri Compromise.

# data[].attributes.body
The principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by he consent of its people, who are the ultimate source of political power.

# data[].attributes.body
A series of laws that were enacted in the US to force the return of enslaved people who had escaped to free states.

# data[].attributes.body
The loyalty to a particular region of a country rather than to the country as a whole leading to conflicts between regions.

# data[].attributes.body
The formal withdrawal of a state from the federal union, 11 Southern states seceded from the Untion to form the Confederate States of America.

# data[].attributes.body
The states that remained loyal to the federal government during the Civil War, primarily the Northern states. They fought to preserve the nation as a single, unified country and ultimately to end slavery.

# data[].attributes.body
The confederate states of America, a government formed by 11 Southern states that seceded from the US. Driven by the desire to preserve slavery and states' rights.

# data[].attributes.body
The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the US.

# data[].attributes.body
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, including formally enslaved people, also guarantees equal protection of the law and requires due process to all citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
Granted African American men the right to vote by prohibiting the denial of suffrage based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

# data[].attributes.body
Economic system where private individuals or businesses own the means of production

# data[].attributes.body
A US entrepreneur and key figure in the 1800s who amassed his wealth in shipping and railroads. He capitalized the Industrial Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
A Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who became the richest man in the world by building the American steel industry in the 19th century.

# data[].attributes.body
American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry, considered the wealthiest American in history. His oil company controlled 90% of US oil refineries and pipelines.

# data[].attributes.body
A powerful American financier and banker in the late 19th and 20th centuries who dominated corporate finance and shaped the nation's industrial landscape.

# data[].attributes.body
A powerful and successful person or company that dominates a particular field through innovation, large-scale business, and significant influence.

# data[].attributes.body
Wealthy American industrialists and financiers are known for amassing fortunes through ruthless and unethical business practices.

# data[].attributes.body
A continuous association of workers formed to maintain and improve their employment conditions through collective bargaining.

# data[].attributes.body
Movement of people from one place to another over time, including patterns, causes, and consequences of these movements.

# data[].attributes.body
A period in US history marked by rapid economic growth and industrialization, particularly in railroads, steel, and oil. Prosperity masked underlying problems like political corruption, social inequality, and poverty for the working class.

# data[].attributes.body
A discredited social theory that applied Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection to human societies, arguing that the "fittest" individuals, races, or groups would succeed, while the "weak" would fail.

# data[].attributes.body
A philosophy proposed by Andrew Carnegie arguing that the wealthy have a moral obligation to use their fortunes to benefit society.

# data[].attributes.body
A style of investigative journalism during the Progressive Era where journalists exposed corruption in the government, business, and social injustices through detailed reporting.

# data[].attributes.body
Movement advocating for women's right to vote, which was a decades-long struggle that culminated in the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. The movement involved generations of activists who used a variety of methods, including lectures, writing, marching, lobbying, and civil disobedience, to achieve this goal

# data[].attributes.body
National ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, enacted by the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and enforced by the Volstead Act from 1920 to 1933. This policy was driven by the temperance movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Foreign policy of remaining apart from the political affairs of other countries, particularly by avoiding foreign wars and entangling alliances

# data[].attributes.body
The policy of extending a nation's power and influence through diplomacy, military force, or economic control, which became prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

# data[].attributes.body
Naval officer and historian whose theories on sea power profoundly influenced U.S. history by arguing that a nation's greatness depended on its naval strength and control of maritime trade routes.

# data[].attributes.body
A foreign policy initiative for China, articulated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that advocated for equal trading rights for all nations and respect for China's territorial integrity

# data[].attributes.body
The belief in prioritizing military strength, preparedness, and the use of force to achieve national goals, often at the expense of diplomacy

# data[].attributes.body
An ideology of loyalty and devotion to the United States, emphasizing its distinct identity, sovereignty, and interests

# data[].attributes.body
An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations by resolving disputes through negotiation and collective security

# data[].attributes.body
the 1919 peace treaty that formally ended World War I but was notably rejected by the U.S. Senate, meaning the United States never joined the League of Nations.

# data[].attributes.body
the mass movement of approximately six million Black people from the rural Southern United States to Northern, Midwestern, and Western cities between the 1910s and 1970s

# data[].attributes.body
A secret 1917 communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the United States during World War I. Intercepted and published by the British, the telegram's publication caused outrage in the U.S. and was a major factor in the United States' decision to enter the war against Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Buying securities by borrowing a portion of the purchase price from a broker, using an initial cash down payment as collateral. This practice, which surged in the 1920s, allowed investors to amplify potential gains but also magnified losses, and is commonly associated with the lead-up to the 1929 stock market crash.

# data[].attributes.body
A tax on imported goods that has served as a significant source of government revenue, a tool to protect domestic industries, and a factor in political and international conflicts

# data[].attributes.body
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which aimed to provide relief for the needy, stimulate economic recovery, and enact financial reform to prevent future depressions

# data[].attributes.body
a military strategy used by the United States in World War II to capture strategically important islands in the Pacific while bypassing heavily fortified ones. This "leapfrogging" approach allowed Allied forces to advance more quickly toward Japan, secure bases for air and naval power, cut off Japanese supply lines, and avoid costly, protracted battles on every island.

# data[].attributes.body
The state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its collaborators.

# data[].attributes.body
entities formed by multiple nations (like the UN, World Bank) to foster cooperation on global issues

# data[].attributes.body
An international organization established in 1945 after World War II, with the U.S. as a founding member and key proponent, aimed at maintaining peace, security, and cooperation among nations

# data[].attributes.body
A post-WWII international monetary framework (1944-1971) where countries pegged their currencies to the U.S. dollar, which was fixed to gold ($35/ounce), creating stability for trade

# data[].attributes.body
A U.S.-led military alliance formed in 1949 by North American & European democracies to counter Soviet expansion

# data[].attributes.body
post-WWII division of Europe into Soviet-controlled communist East and democratic West, a metaphorical barrier symbolizing political, ideological, and physical separation enforced by the USSR's dominance over Eastern Bloc nations

# data[].attributes.body
a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite statesas a counterweight to NATO

# data[].attributes.body
Cold War foreign policy strategy to stop the spread of communism beyond its existing borders, particularly from the Soviet Union, using economic, military, and political means short of direct large-scale war

# data[].attributes.body
Cold War-era belief that if one nation fell to communism, its neighbors would soon follow

# data[].attributes.body
a military doctrine where two opposing nuclear-armed powers, knowing a first strike would guarantee their own catastrophic retaliation, are deterred from attacking

# data[].attributes.body
the nuclear weapons developed by the secret Manhattan Project during WWII

# data[].attributes.body
a device which rapidly releases nuclear energy, either through fission (as in the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) or a combination fission and fusion (as in a thermonuclear or hydrogen bomb).

# data[].attributes.body
President Lyndon B. Johnson's ambitious 1960s domestic agenda to end poverty, reduce crime, abolish inequality, and improve the environment, marked by landmark legislation like Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, significantly expanding the federal role in social welfare through education aid, urban renewal, and environmental protection.

# data[].attributes.body
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that unanimously declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional

# data[].attributes.body
The supply-side economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, centered on cutting taxes, reducing regulation, decreasing non-defense government spending, and increasing military spending to stimulate economic growth

# data[].attributes.body
Liberalism generally favors government action, social justice, equality, and economic intervention.

# data[].attributes.body
Conservatism generally favors tradition, limited government, individual responsibility, free markets, and slow change.

# data[].attributes.body
A prominent American political organization founded by Jerry Falwell that mobilized conservative Christians to counter perceived moral decline.

# data[].attributes.body
A theory suggesting that tax cuts and benefits for the wealthy and corporations will stimulate investment and job creation, eventually benefiting everyone as wealth "trickles down".

# data[].attributes.body
Actions taken by a nation's central bank to manage the money supply and credit conditions to achieve economic goals.