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World's most populous democracy since its independence in 1947 from Britain, India is a country in South Asia with an estimated population of 1.4 billion people. The Indian diaspora constitutes the largest in the world, estimated at 31 million Non-Resident Indians and people of Indian Origin (Jha, D (2015). In Australia, the Indian Diaspora constitutes the largest and fastest-growing diaspora community in the country, a trend that is expected to grow as more and more Indians emigrate in search of employment opportunities, the pursuit of education, and incidental immigration (Australian Department of Home Affairs, 2023). The continued flow of immigration presents various health concerns, particularly with regard to tropical diseases. The three main concerns, as per the Australian Refugee Health Practice guide, are Tuberculosis, Malaria and HIV/ AIDs (Australian Department of Home Affairs, 2023, Australian Refugee Health Practice guide, 2023).

https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/
Australian Department of Home Affairs. (2023). Permanent migration from India. DOHA Website. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/country-profiles/profiles/india#:~:text=At the end of June,337%2C120) at 30 June 2011.
Jha, D. (2015). STATE STRATEGIES OF DIFFERENTIATED CITIZENSHIP: THE INDIAN DIASPORA ENGAGEMENT POLICY. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 76(3), 379–383. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26534850

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Principle Health Concerns That Indian Immigrants  Face

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Principle Health Concerns That Indian Immigrants  Face

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Tuberculosis:
TB is a respiratory infectious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It is estimated to have afflicted about 10 million people in 2021 and remains one of the leading causes of death, only the third biggest infectious killer after COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS. India reportedly has the highest disease burden, with 40 deaths occurring every hour (WHO, 2023). TB is both preventable and treatable with the tretament regime incorporating  isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol/ streptomycin.

Malaria:
Malaria is a highly virulent tropical disease caused by various Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of a female anopheles mosquito. In 2019, it was estimated that there were 230 million malaria cases in 89 countries, with India alone accounting for 3% of the global burden (WHO, 2023). There are several treatment option for malarian with the most prefered one being Artimether-Lumefantrine (AL), the other options are; Quinine, Atovaquone-Proguanil  and Melfoquine

HIV/AIDS:
HIV is an infection that attacks and compromises the body's immune system, making the patient susceptible to infection. AIDS is the most advanced level of the disease. It is primarily transmitted through contact with bodily fluids from an infected person through cuts and scrapes, unprotected sex, and from mother to child through breastfeeding during pregnancy and delivery. An estimated 2.3 million people are living with the infection in India (WHO, 2023). While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, a treatment programme incorporating Anti-retrovoral drugs is administered to stop viral replication and allow immune system regeneration.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Tuberculosis. WHO.ORG. https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/tuberculosis
World Health Organisation. (2023). Malaria. Who.Org. https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/malaria
World Health Organisation. (2023). HIV data and statistics. Who.Org. https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/strategic-information/hiv-data-and-statistics

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Australian Meat pie, affectionately called Aussie meat pie, is an Australian delicacy stuffed with minced meat, gravy, mushroom, cheese, and onion. It can be consumed as a snack and is considerably better than a Kebab! Here is the recipe.

Ingredients

One finely chopped Onion

500g minced beef

One cup water

Two beef stock cubes

A quarter cup of tomato ketchup

Two teaspoon Worcestershire flavouring

One pinch of salt and a pinch of pepper to taste

Three tablespoons of plain flour

One sheet shortcrust pastry

One sheet puff pastry

One egg

Method

1. Cook meat and onion until the meat turns golden brown

2. Add a quarter cup of water, ketchups, cubes and seasonings.

3. Bring to the boil and let to simmer for fifteen minutes.

4. Mix flour with the remaining water and add to meat; bring to a boil and allow to simmer for 5 minutes. Allow it to Cool.

5. Line the pie plate with the pastry.

6. Add the cooled meat mixture while moistening the pastry with water.

7. Top with puffy pastry, pressing down to seal the edges, trim and varnish with egg.

8. Bake for fifteen minutes at 230 degrees Celcius, then dial down the heat to 190 degrees Celsius and bake for another 25 minutes until it turns golden.

Source: Australia's Best Recipe

Nutritive Value
Calories 431 | (1803 kJ)
Protein | 15.8 g | 32%
Fat | 23.6 g | 34%
Saturated Fat | 11.9 g | 50%
Carbohydrate | 35.4 g | 11%
Sugars| 1.6 g |
Dietery Fibre | 3.5 g | 12%
Sodium | 788 mg | 34%
Source: CalorieKing

Australia’s Best Recipe. (2023). Aussie Meat Pis. Bestrecipes.Com. https://www.bestrecipes.com.au/recipes/aussie-meat-pie-recipe-2/34l4qr5q

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To me health is the state of being physically, emotionally and mentally whole. It is a wholesome feeling of wellness of no physiological affliction, emotional sturdiness and psychological stability allowing one to function to their full capacity and creating an aura of calmness and strength.

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WHO Social Determinants: The Impact Social Determinants on Migrant/Refugees in Australia

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WHO Social Determinants: The Impact Social Determinants on Migrant/Refugees in Australia

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World Health Organization has identified three main social determinants directly impacting immigrants and refugees.

Unemployment and job security: Refugees and migrants are faced with a significant challenge in securing employment, and even in the cases where they do, they face pay inequality. This is exacerbated by a lack of language proficiency, refutation of previous experience in Australia or lack of requisite experience, post-migration trauma and discrimination.

Income and social protection - failing to secure employment puts much financial pressure on immigrants, limiting their ability to access social protective services, especially health, where the cost implication may be prohibitive.

Housing, basic amenities and environment: Migrants are confronted with an unfamiliar environment where their background, ethnicity or family size may compromise their ability to access decent housing. Their limited financial ability also limits their competitiveness in accessing housing and other amenities, where price discrimination may lock them out.

Taylor, J., & Lamaro Haintz, G. (2018). Influence of the social determinants of health on access to healthcare services among refugees in Australia. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 24(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY16147

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For me, the most significant aspect of competency standard 12.7 was the need to be sensitive to the varying vocabulary available in different languages and understand the need to allow the interpreter to explain the meaning to the patient thoroughly. I have developed my knowledge of language gaps in medical communication; having read about the importance of clarity and full disclosure, I now know how to convey information to people from various backgrounds. This knowledge is essential to my workplace as It equips me with skills to handle such interactions if they arise. Because I did not yet understand how complicated it was for immigrants and refugees to internalize the culture shock, I will now need to undertake a personal assessment to understand their predicament better and to incorporate a better communication system sensitive to the diversity.

Migrants & Refugee Women Health Partnership. “Domain 7.” Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds, no. January, 2019.

Hampton, M. (2010). Reflective writing: a basic introduction. https://www.port.ac.uk/node/56021/written-assignments/reflective-writing-introduction

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus

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Australia has a diverse musical culture dating back to the indigenous Australian music used by the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in ceremonial cultures characterised by the didgeridoo - considered the oldest musical instrument (Australian Tales, n,d). Currently, the country boasts a wide collection of music, including songs and dances unique to the sub-continent and others sharing similarities with the rest of the world. The most common music genres include:

Folk - Old book songs by Banjo Peterson

Indeginoius music - Aborigines and Torres Strait Isladers

Pop - Vince Courtney, Joe Slater,

Country music - Melinda Sneider

R&B and Soul - Renee Geyer, Murcia Hines

Reggae

Rock and Pop

Jazz

Religious music

Children Music

Australian Tales. (n.d.). Music Of Australia Aussie Beats To The World. Australian Information Stories. https://www.australian-information-stories.com/music-of-australia.html

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Australian art can be categorised into two board groups, each with its sib-group. Indigenous art, like music, traces its origin in the works of Aboriginal Australian Art found in cave paintings, such as the Gwion Gwion Rock painting and the Sidney Rock Engravings (Mitsuji, 2023). William Barak remains one of the most notable Aboriginal painters, with his work featured permanently at the Ian Porter Centre.

The second category incorporates modern art forms credited to the European arrival and colonisation. The most notable works include A View of the Artist's House and Garden by John Glover, 1835 Frederick McCubbin Bush's Idyll, 1893, among others.

Most art in Australia is under the custody of the National Gallery of Australia and several other regional galleries (National Gallery, 2020).

Mitsuji, T. (2023). The National 4: major survey of contemporary Australian art invites a closer look. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/apr/01/the-national-4-major-survey-of-contemporary-australian-art-invites-a-closer-look
National Gallery. (2020). Take a dive into the curatorial process and ideas behind Belonging: Stories of Australian Art, an exhibition which recasts the story of nineteenth-century Australian art. National Gallry of Australia. https://nga.gov.au/stories-ideas/belonging-stories-of-australian-art/

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Sports in Australia can be traced back to the colonial period when games such as association football, Union rugby, volleyball, cricket and tennis were introduced and, since then, had a rich and extensive history of sport encompassing several disciplines. One of the most prominent sports in the country is the Australian Open tennis tournament, one of the four Grand Slams, attracting some of the best tennis players in the world held at Melbourne Park, Victoria (Cooney, J, 2023).
Another popular sport is union rugby, where the Australian teams have featured prominently both locally and internationally. The country holds the record for the largest attendance at a rugby union event at 110,000 in the year 2000 (ESPN, 2010).
Other sports of interest include cricket, netball, volleyball, and motorsport, among others.

Cooney, J. (2023). Huge shock in list of Australia’s top sports as one of the country’s biggest codes fails to even crack the top 10 - and soccer emerges the big winner. Daily Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-12097071/Huge-shock-list-Australias-sports-one-countrys-biggest-codes-fails-make-10.html
ESPN. (2010). Rugby union’s largest crowd. ESPN. http://en.espn.co.uk/onthisday/sport/story/212.html