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Artiyodactyla = even toed ungulates

Also called Cetartiodactyla

Others in this order include: giraffes, bison, camels, and wild boar

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Divided into two main groups: Cervinae and Capreolinae
- Cervinae (Old World Deer) = elk, red deer, and fallow deer
- Capreolinae (New World Deer) = reindeer, white-tailed deer, and moose

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- Found all over the world, habitats ranging from tundra to tropical rainforests
- Red deer (Cervus elaphus) specifically found over much of Europe
- In the UK, they reside mainly in the Scottish Highlands
- Herbivorous browsers
- Require a diet rich in calcium and phosphate to support antler growth

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- Widely found in most archaeological sites throughout Europe
- Found in sites dating from the Middle Pleistocene to the modern era
- "Large accumulations of faunal remains from European archaeological sites in, for example, Great Britain, Spain, France, Moldavia, and Greece show that Cervus elaphus was hunted and used as a natural resource by hominins since this time. " (Sommer et al., 2008)

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- meat (venison) has been incredibly important in Europe for centuries; esp. in a prehistoric (pre-agriculture) context
- high veneration of the meat: reserved for royalty
- antlers used as trophies, tools, and jewelry
- buckskin (hide) used for clothing, shelter, musical instruments (drums)
- prolific subject in Western art for centuries
- themes of: forest god, guardian of the forest, royalty, mysticism

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- over 90 images of stags (male red deer)
- also representations of Megaloceros and a few reindeer
- interpretations of "hunting magic" --> to bring on a successful hunt or to showcase past hunting success

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- Originally interpreted as a "winter camp" only occupied about 5 months of the year
- Reinterpreted later as a "hunting stand and butchering station" used in frequent short time spans
- However, arguments and interpretations have been made that it was a year-round permanent settlement
- Most recent research points to episodic occupation, of varying intensity, over about an 800 year span
- Red deer headdresses historically interpreted as shamanic costumes for rituals or ceremonies or as hunting costumes/disguises
- Now, reinterpreted as "masks" to invoke certain identities of the persons wearing the mask