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in the 19th century, Italy divided into multiple independent states. Through efforts of leaders for example like Garibaldi and Cavour the states were gradually unified into a single nation. This process involved negotiations, military campaigns, and popular uprisings, ultimately leading to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861

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German unification was a complex process. it was spearheaded by figures like Bismarck, who utilized diplomacy and military strategies to bring together various German states. Through a series of wars and political alliances, Bismarck unified these, states, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871.

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Brazil unification involved the consolidation of several Portuguese colonies into one independent nation. This unification was led by Dom Pedro I, who declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822. This process brought together different regions and cultures to form the diverse and vibrant country we know today.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History