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The effects of systemic oppression in Native communities contribute to their mental health problems as well. Nine percent of Native Americans over age 18 have a concurrent mental illness and substance use disorder, which is nearly three times the rate of the general population, the American Psychiatric Association found. (Systemic Racism takes a Toll, 2013)

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Healing in Mind – a strength-based, culturally relevant, and racially responsive approach to treatment for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).  Psychology of Radical Healing (PRH) – a new theoretical
framework, is one of many new treatments.

“More recently, Intersectionality in Psychotherapy (Adames et al., 2018), the Healing Ethno And Racial Trauma (Chavez-Duenas ˜ et al., 2019), Community Healing and Resistance Through Story[1]telling (Chioneso et al., 2020), and (Chavez-Duenas et al., in press ˜ ) are some of the latest evidence-based approaches to addressing racism-related stress and trauma among BIPOC clients. These approaches underscore the importance of enhancing the client’s self-care and overall well-being. They are also grounded in meth[1]odologies and practices developed by and for BIPOC communities.” ((Adames, Chavez-Dueñas., 2022. Pg2)

“The work also requires us to embrace the invitation to unlearn how psychology and psychiatry systemically uphold racism.” (Adames, Chavez-Dueñas., 2022. pg2)

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“Individuals who are aware of historical oppression, ongoing oppression, or who have experienced racial discrimination may develop a cultural mistrust of White institutions, including health care settings.” (Walters.,2020. pg.536)

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Discrimination, stigma and shame regarding mental illness, poor knowledge about healthcare systems, and poor language proficiency can lead to poor mental health outcomes in BIPOC ppl. The culture of an institution and unconscious bias of people forming this institution constitute racist attitudes and behaviors, which can be dangerous, irrespective of knowledge.

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The strong association between racism and poor mental health raises questions about the underlying mechanisms by which racism affects overall health (mental , spiritual & physical), The perceived and experienced discrimination is associated with underutilization of medical care services, and delays in accessing mental care , as well as nonadherence to treatment.

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The Colleges of Psychology such as  American Psychological Association (APA) and the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS) require training/education in diversity and multiculturalism is a must. But there are gaps in what the APA/PCSAS say is needed from the schools actually teaching  multicultural inclusion.

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“While this is necessary work, it can also be emotionally, psychologically, and physically exhausting for BIPOC individuals who have to both cope with the impact of interpersonal and structural racism (within and outside of academia) and create and implement solutions to dismantle the oppressive systems they are directly affected by.” (Galán, Chardée A., et al,2021)

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Colleges and Universities that are supposed to be a place of higher education. Still helps to perpetrate racism, discrimination, oppression, and inequity. They do not address the barriers that some of their employees and students deal with.

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“I wouldn't know where to go. They come here and make us fill all these questionnaires but we don't know what happens after. They don't say go to this place or that place if you have an emotional problem. Maybe they don't care. Truth is we are still enslaved, laboring for them. Alvin, lay resident.” (Alang, S. M., 2019)

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BIPOC-may prefer to turn to their own communities for help rather than mainstream healthcare. This is due to a lack of diversity and cultural sensitivity among mental health professionals. The mental health field is disproportionately white, which can make finding a therapist that understands BIPOC clients' experiences and struggles more difficult.

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Physical Access-proximity to providers can also bar people from accessing mental health services.  For many, spending an hour or more commuting plus the time spent in therapy (simply isn't feasible). Depends on factors like whether the person has access to a car, the means to pay for childcare, or the ability to get paid time off from work.

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Financial Barriers- affordability is one of the largest barriers to mental healthcare access. If a person doesn't have insurance, or their plan doesn't include therapy, the only other option is to pay out of pocket. Some therapists don't accept insurance, so this reduces the pool of providers.

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Insurance Barriers-A major hurdle to accessing mental healthcare is insurance. for the "underinsured," those who have health insurance with insufficient coverage. These plans often come with high deductibles that discourage individuals from seeking therapy or may not cover mental healthcare at all.

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Less likely to receive guideline-consistent care, less frequently included in research, and more likely to use emergency rooms or primary care (rather than mental health specialists).

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Black adults/POC living below the poverty line are more than twice as likely to report serious psychological distress than those with more financial security.

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BIPOC communities are more likely than white Americans to have mental health concerns, but they are less likely to seek and receive treatment. This is due to a variety of mental health disparities beyond just stigma, including cultural norms, lack of access, and socioeconomic disparities.

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Discussing mental health concerns is considered taboo in many BIPOC cultures, and as a result they tend to dismiss, deny, or neglect their symptoms. Also, it is viewed as a private issue that shouldn’t be discussed publicly. These communities don’t seek treatment for mental illness out of fear of being labeled as "crazy" or bringing shame and unwanted attention to their families.

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Seeking mental health care is often viewed as a weakness in Black communities, as it runs counter to the survivalist mentality born from experiencing systemic oppression and chronic racism.  This becomes part of the stigma of mental health treatment/interventions

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Black communities in the U.S., there is a reluctance to seek both physical and mental health care due to a general distrust of the medical establishment. This is because historically, African Americans have been misdiagnosed at higher rates than white patients, and Black communities have been exploited by the USA government and medical community for the purpose of medical advancement.

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culture traditions of privacy, proud self-reliance, and uneasiness with American health mistreatment of BIPOC ppl

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Stigma can be attributed to ​​negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that the public holds towards those with mental illness (public stigma), ​negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that a culture holds towards those with mental illness (cultural stigma), and internalized negative societal beliefs about mental illness (self-stigma).

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The denial that they need help regarding their mental health especially since it is not something you can physically see.

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Past trauma that is pass down through generations-where was the healing 

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Past trauma that is pass down through generations-where was the healing 

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The feelings of shame, stigma, and fear about getting mental health treatment/services. This goes to a deeper level of understanding the history that African-Americans/Black Americans endure during slavery times & post-emancipation era.

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The history of Institutional regarding care for BIPOC ppl

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The history of Institutional regarding care for BIPOC ppl

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“Drawing on Burkett's (2017) assertion that “Black Americans must navigate a maze of obstacles that are built of systematic oppression, institutional inequalities, and structural disparities when seeking mental health services,” (Burkett, 2017, p. 814).”

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“Three of the seven interventions that demonstrated reduction in disparities used cultural adaptation, such as referencing diverse ethnic backgrounds in educational materials, training staff in culturally sensitive issues in depression treatment, and providing the interventions bilingually.” (Lee-Tauler, S. Y., 2018)

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 BIPOC were receiving more drug usage (antidepressants) 

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 BIPOC were receiving more drug usage (antidepressants) 

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This is compared to white people, it makes you wonder if prescribing medications is an easier way of helping BIPOC people. Using a band-aid effect instead of the root causes of their mental health.

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The mistreatment of BIPOC throughout history-used as experiments or concerns were not valid/push a side

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The mistreatment of BIPOC throughout history-used as experiments or concerns were not valid/push a side

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Lack of Culture Sensitivity understanding or teaching 

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Lack of Culture Sensitivity understanding or teaching 

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That have a history of facing racism and discrimination because of their ethic background or colour of their skin (BIPOC).

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To overcome stigma in any community, it’s important to first understand why it exists.

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What Barriers facing BIPOC with Mental Health Services & the impact of solution/gaps?

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What Barriers facing BIPOC with Mental Health Services & the impact of solution/gaps?