# data[].attributes.body
Quote: “The latest data shows that fatal and non-fatal shootings have dropped by 20% in the PSN Detroit area.”
Embedded: According to Project Safe Neighborhoods, a federal program that addresses violent crimes in vulnerable neighborhoods, shootings have dropped by 20% in the PSN Detroit area as a result of PSN intervention.

Quote: “The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) allotted $18,177,172 to Project Safe Neighborhoods for 2020.”
Embedded: Furthermore, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) allotted $18,177,172 to Project Safe Neighborhoods for 2020.

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Quote: “The FBI is dedicated to disrupting and dismantling the most significant gangs through intelligence-driven investigations and initiatives and partnerships such as Safe Streets Task Forces, the National Gang Intelligence Center, and Transnational Anti-Gang Task Forces.”
Embedded: According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) website, the FBI is "dedicated to disrupting and dismantling the most significant gangs through intelligence-driven investigations and initiatives and partnerships," some of which include "Safe Streets Task Forces, the National Gang Intelligence Center, and Transnational Anti-Gang Task Forces."

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David C. Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule, Jr.

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David C. Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule, Jr.

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Quote: “Gang members also use the Internet to posture, provoke, and project group power, particularly on leading social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, which in turn allows activities occurring online to have ramifications for crime and violence offline.”
Embedded: According to Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule, Jr., an Associate Professor in the Department of Criminology at the University of South Florida, gang members use the internet to "posture, provoke, and project group power...which in turn allows activities occurring online to have ramifications for crime and violence offline."

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Jeffrey Stevenson Murer and Tilman Schwarze

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Jeffrey Stevenson Murer and Tilman Schwarze

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Quote: “But there is the other component to these events: the ritual of violence, the willingness to inflict pain on a soon to be comrade, who may already be a friend or a relative, or both. This too is a demonstration of commitment: to unflinchingly inflict pain on to whichever body directed by the leadership of the group or as circumstance requires”
Embedded: According to the article “Social Rituals of Pain: The Socio-Symbolic Meaning of Violence in Gang Initiations” from the International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, "the ritual of violence, the willingness to inflict pain on a soon to be comrade, who may already be a friend or a relative, or both...is a demonstration of commitment: to unflinchingly inflict pain on to whichever body directed by the leadership of the group or as circumstance requires" (Murer & Schwarze).

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Quote: "In support of this notion, several studies have found that synchrony can promote conformity [40,69], aggression [70] and destructive obedience"

Embedded: As stated in “The cultural evolutionary trade-off of ritualistic synchrony” by Michele J. Gelfand, a psychology professor from the University of Maryland, ritualistic synchrony can "promote conformity, aggression, and destructive obedience."

Quote: “children who participate in synchronous activities together perceive themselves to be more similar [47] and are more helpful and cooperative towards each other [48,49] than children who do not experience synchrony.”
Embedded: Conversely, children who participate in synchronous activities together "perceive themselves to be more similar and are more helpful and cooperative towards each other than children who do not experience synchrony" (Gelfand et al.)

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Quote: “Health risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults have several special features such as being influenced by others (e.g., peers) and being easily susceptible to external environments (e.g., advertisements and content of tobacco products online as well as retailers) and inappropriate decision making caused by incomplete brain development”
Embedded: According to “Concept analysis of impressionability among adolescents and young adults” from the academic journal Nursing Open, risky behaviors among adolescents stem from peer influences, susceptibility to external environments, and "inappropriate decision-making caused by incomplete brain development" (Gwon & Jeong).

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Quote: "Adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behavior (including dangerous driving, substance abuse, and shoplifting) when they are with their peers than when they are alone"
Embedded: According to Lisa J. Knoll and her team of pyschologists from the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University College London, adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they are with their peers than when they are alone.

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Quote: "These results suggest that adolescents are overall more likely to resist than conform when either parents or peers endorsed attitudes that conflicted with adolescents’ personal attitudes." "During early adolescence, youth become less willing to engage in behaviors that are inconsistent with their identity"
Embedded: According to a study of teen conformity to peers and parents published in the International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, adolescents are "more likely to resist than conform when either parents or peers endorsed attitudes that conflicted with adolescents' personal attitudes (Kathy). Furthermore, these highly personalized opinions are cemented in early adolescence since "youth become less willing to engage in behaviors that are inconsistent with their identity" during early adolescence (Kathy et al.).

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Quote: "Data shows that 41.6% of gangs come from large cities."
Embedded: In a national survey conducted by the US National Gang Center (NGC), 41.6% of gangs come from large cities.

Quote: "8% of all youth in the US have joined a gang by their twenties." "Approximately 11 percent of students in middle and high schools across the country report the presence of gang activity in their schools."
Embedded: Furthermore, 8% of adolescents have joined a gang by their twenties and 11% of high school and middle school students report the presence of gang activity in their schools (NGC).

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Quote: “Youth gang members were disproportionately male, black, Hispanic, from single-parent households, and families living below the poverty level."
Embedded: Based on a study of youth gang membership by David C. Pyrooz, a PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder, the majority of gang members are male, Black, Hispanic, or from single-parent, low-income households (Pyrooz).

Quote: "The prevalence of youth gang membership was 2.0% (1.2%–2.8%), peaking at age 14 years at 5.0% (3.9%–6.0%)."
Embedded: Pyrooz also estimates that there were around 1,000,000 youth gang members in the US in 2015.

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Gangs come from large cities.

Gang members are primarily male, Black, Hispanic, and from single parent families.

Gang membership peaks at age 14.

Historically, this demographic of people in large cities is most vulnerable to joining a gang.

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To what extent do gangs negatively affect teens in large cities?
An analysis of the psychological, social, and historical aspects of gangs' effect on teens supports that gangs are detrimental to teens in large cities; the consequences stem from teens' susceptibility to external pressures, their inability to fully detach from gangs, and their socioeconomic status making them vulnerable to harmful gang culture.

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According to the National Gang Center (NGC), nearly 400,000 juveniles join a gang every year.

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1. Restate thesis

2. Synthesize information

3. Concluding statement

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1. Awareness of the consequences of joining gangs has grown.

2. Gang membership has actually decreased among teens.

3. Programs to aid low-income neighborhoods receive funding.

4. The FBI is disrupting and dismantling gangs.

5. The federal government is addressing the issues caused by gangs.

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1. Ritualistic synchrony in gang activities make leaving gangs difficult.

2. During initiation rituals, gang members' dedication is tested and their community grows tighter.

3. Gangs use social media to gain influence and spread awareness.

4. If the people around teens are joining gangs, teens are pressured into joining gangs due to peer pressure.

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1. Teens' opinions are cemented early on.

2. Gangs attract vulnerable teens early on.

3. Teens partake in more risky behavior when with other teens.

4. Incomplete brain development means teens are unable to understand consequences of joining a gang.