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1. Hitner, . Pharmacology: An Introduction with Additional Material. Available from: Yuzu, (8th Edition). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2021.
2. "U2 ANS Part 1", November 4th 2022, Austin Community College, Austin TX. Lecture.

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these drugs block the beta 1 receptor and the beta 2 receptor.  which in turn can lead to a decreased heart rate, contractility, conduction and can lead to bronchoconstriction.

nadolol (Corgard®)

propanolol(Inderal®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

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these drugs block the beta 1 receptor which in turn can lead to a decreased heart rate, contractility and conduction.

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

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formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

These drugs act by activating the beta-2 receptors which will cause bronchodilation and the dilation of blood vessels for the coronary vessels and skeletal muscle.

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Dobutamine

This drug function to increase heart function in situations such as shock. they do this by stimulating the beta 1 receptors

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prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

These drugs block the receptor which causes the opposite effect. there will be relaxation of blood vessels leading to lower blood pressure and there will be an increase in urinary flow

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epinephrine (Adrenalin®). This drug is nonspecific in regards to receptors and will cause great vasopressor effects.

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I. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists                   

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I. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists                   

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ephedrine phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®). these drugs directly stimulate the alpha 1 receptor which will lead to a variety of effects. alpha 1 receptors cause the vasoconstriction of the nasal passageways so they cause a decongestant effect. These drugs will cause blood vessels to contract and increase blood pressure

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to increase heart contractility, rate, conduction

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heart

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Vasodilation of skeletal vessels and coronary vessels and bronchodilation

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smooth muscle of the coronary, lungs and skeletal muscle of vessels.

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in time of need it is essential to direct blood flow to vital areas during the fight or flight response. Therefore these receptors help facilitate a reaction which will constrict blood vessels to better direct blood flow.

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smooth muscle of the veins and arteries, urinary sphincter and digestive tract.

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this neurotransmitter is made in the adrenal medulla. these are released onto the receptors of the effector organ.

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The arteries of the body are not innervated by the parasympathetic division therefore there is not an effect. The parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction of the lungs. it causes miosis or pupil constriction. it stimulate bowel motility and increases urination by relaxing the ureters and the constriction of the bladder

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atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

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neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

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Acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

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the drug categories for the parasympathetic system are based upon how they affect this receptor. acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that stimulates this receptor can be blocked by an antagonist (Anticholinergic). the acetylcholine can be degraded less causing a higher concentration (indirect acting cholinergic drug).  Or the drug can simply stimulate the receptor (direct acting cholinergic drug).

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there are two types of receptors musineric receptors and nicotinic receptors

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This is a neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic system. it is produced from dopamine. these are released onto the receptors of the effector organ. it is important to note that norepinephrine does not stimulate beta 2 receptors.

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In the preganglionic neuron the neurotransmitter that is released is acetylcholine which will bind to nicotinic receptors located on the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron.  acetylcholine also is the neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic system for the postganglionic neuron which is released and activates musineric receptors on the  effector organ

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the "fight or flight" system. This system upon activation affects the whole body

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The "rest and digest" system. This system can activate a single organ in response to stimulation.

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Visceral Division (Autonomic Nervous System)

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Visceral Division (Autonomic Nervous System)

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This system consist of nerves which innervate both cardiac and smooth muscle. This system is involuntary.