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Democritus was a Greek philosopher who created the theory of atoms. He was born and raised in Abdera, Greece around the years 460 BCE and 370 BCE. With the help of his teacher, Leucippus, Democritus was able to come up with a theory that states that everything is made up of small “indivisible bodies”. He came up with this theory by considering what would happen if someone continued to cut something into smaller and smaller pieces. He thought that eventually the pieces would be so small that they would be unable to be cut. Democritus gave these pieces the name atomos, which translates to “uncuttable” in Greek.

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Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist who had a major role in the development of chemistry, specifically the atomic theory. He lived his entire life in Paris being born on August 26, 1743 and dying on May 8, 1794. Lavoisier helped to develop the atomic theory by discovering that matter (which is made up of atoms) is neither created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. To discover this, he did many experiments using heat. One example of this is his experiments with diamonds. He wanted to see how heat affected the weight of a diamond. Lavoisier realized that he could change the size of a diamond with heat, but that the weight always stayed the same. This helped to prove his theory that matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical change.

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John Dalton was an English Chemist and is best known for his official creation of the atomic theory. He was born in Eaglesfield, United Kingdom on September 6, 1766 and he died on July 27, 1844.  There are four major parts to Dalton’s atomic theory. The first one is that all matter is made up of atoms, and those atoms cannot be individually split. The second part states that every atom of the same element have the same mass and properties. The third part states that compounds are the combination of two or more types of atoms.  The last part states that chemical reactions are really rearrangements of atoms. Dalton was able to come up with the atomic theory with the help of the law of constant composition and the law of conversion of mass which was partly created by Lavoisier.

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Joseph John Thompson was a British physicist who is most known for his discovery of the first subatomic particle. He was born in Manchester on December 18, 1856 and he died on August 30, 1940. He discovered the electron in 1895 when doing a set of experiments. He realized the cathode rays must be composed of negatively charged particles (electrons) because of their charge-to-mass ratio. Thompson later won a Noble Peace Prize for his discovery.

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Max Planck was a German physicist who is mostly known for his discovery of energy quanta. Planck was born in Kiel, Germany on April 23, 1858 and he died on October 4, 1947. He contributed to the atomic theory with his quantum theory, which states that atoms can take in or put out energy in only discrete quantities. He named these packets of energy “quanta”.

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Marie Curie is best known for her research regarding radiation of atomic particles and elements.  Marie curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland and died July 4, 1934 in France.  Curie spent a large portion of her life studying how radiation is emitted from an atom, and how it got there.  Her works paved the way for many discoveries and treatments for cancer and the use of X-ray.  Throughout her research she concluded that radiation comes within an atom rather than the structure of the molecules of an element.  This finding allowed her to discover radioactive decay in elements such as uranium, thorium, and polonium.  Curie used chemical analysis in her discovery which eventually led her to win a Nobel prize and work on the Manhattan project.

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Robert Millikan is an American physicist that made some of the most important discoveries in atomic theory.  Robert Millikan was born March 22, 1868 in Morrison, Illinois and died December 19, 1953 in San Marino, California.  Millikan discovered evidence that supported the discovery of electrons, and further proved that they have a negative charge.  This was an extremely important discovery that changed the course of atomic theory for the rest of time.  Millikan discovered this through his famous oil drop experiment which further allowed him to determine the mass of the electron.  Robert Millikan is a Nobel prize winner for his accomplishments.

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Ernest Rutherford is an extremely important figure in atomic history.  Ernest Rutherford was born August 30, 1871 in New Zealand and died October 19, 1937 in England.  Rutherford is considered the father of nuclear Physics because of his experiments in splitting the atom and nuclear decay.  Rutherford was the first person to split the atom, thus creating a different element from one individual element.  His research on the atom concluded that the nucleus was positively charged with electrons orbiting around it.  This disproved the plum pudding model by Thomson.  His experiment was conducted by using a gold foil that had alpha particles shot at it to determine the reaction of the alpha particles to the gold atoms.  Rutherford received a Nobel prize and is the reason for much of our understanding of atoms and radioactive decay.

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Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1897 in Württenberg Germany.  Einstein lived his life in several places such as Germany, Switzerland, and the United States.  Where he would finally die on April 18, 1955.  Einstein is an extremely accomplished physicist that helped atomic theory in countless ways.  One of Einstein most important discoveries is the mathematical proof of atoms, which is one of the most fundamental concepts of atomic theory.  He discovered that atomic particles would move randomly in a liquid like state, however statistically they moved in a certain direction…thus proving Brownian motion mathematically.  In addition, Einstein was involved with nuclear physics and the Manhattan project which paved the way for the atomic bomb.  Einstein conducted his experiment using smoke particles, a microscope, and a focused beam of light.  Einstein discoveries allowed for the discovery of numerous theories in atomic science.

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Niels Bohr was a Physicist from Denmark who has had one of the most influential impacts on the study of the atom. Niels Bohr was born on October 7, 1885 into an athletic family but didn’t get the best genes. He played soccer; however, his brother, who was probably the favorite child, helped Denmark’s soccer team win a silver metal in the 1908 Olympics. Niels took a more academic path and attended the university of Copenhagen, where he studied physics. After he received his doctorate, he embarked on a journey to England where he studied the structure of the atom under J.J Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. Although there were many theories non the atom’s structure, Bohr developed a model that would be the model put into every teacher’s slideshow on the atom in the future. His model, named the Bohr model, displayed the atom with a nucleus filled with protons and neutrons and electrons surrounding the nucleus on rings. He created this model after performing numerous experiments such as changing the Rutherford model because he stated that electrons travel in orbits of energy and size. His model was later proved to be correct, resulting in Niels Bohr winning a Nobel Prize in 1922. Not only was a a genius, he was also a hero. Later in his life, while Hitler was purging the Jews, Bohr hid multiple Jewish scientists and allowed them to live and work with him. In 1939, he also traveled to the United States in order to help created the atomic bomb. After an extremely successful and influential life, Niels Bohr had a stroke and died in his house in 1962. Even many years after his death, his discovery of the atom’s structure has remained one of the most important discoveries in regards to the atom to be made.

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Erwin Schrödinger was an Austrian physicist born on August 12, 1887 as an only child. Impressively, he was homeschooled up until the age of 11 and then went to school in order to get a more proper education. He went to the University of Vienna and  achieved a physics PhD before being hired by the same university. He worked there up until World War I in which he served the position of an artillery officer. After returning from the war, Schrödinger came back home and eventually, after multiple jobs, was given the ability to take the position of the chair in theoretical physics in Switzerland at the university of Zurich. His main line of work that he is most known for is his explanation of an electron’s movement as a wave. After many years of trial and error, he created plausible equations that displayed the probability that an electron would be in a particular position. His experiments were mostly in the form of mathematical equations but one of his most Interesting experiments was known as Schrödinger‘s cat. Within the experiment, a cat could be considered both dead and alive due to the fact that the cat’s fate is directly correlated to a random event that could happen or could not happen. Schrödinger taught at multiple different universities until he was invited to join a new institute in Dublin for advanced studies. He stayed here for 17 years, mainly focusing on philosophical questions in regards to physics, before going back to Vienna and dying of an illness in 1961.

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James Chadwick was a physicist born on October 20th, 1891 I’m Cheshire England. He was a bright student throughout high school, attended Manchester University, and graduated, in 1911, from the Honors School of Physics. During World War I, Chadwick was a prisoner in Germany, suffering for 4 long years. After the end of the war, he traveled back to England and worked under his old mentor, Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford had previously discovered the proton which was a significant event that helped with the understanding of the atom. However, Rutherford and Chadwick found that the atomic mass was greater than the atomic number which was inexplicable at that time. After some evaluation, James Chadwick hypothesized that there was another particle in the nucleus that had no charge but added to the mass of the atom. He named this theorized particle a neutron and began to carry out experiments to test his new idea. One experiment that he carried out included adding a significant amount of alpha particles from the decay of the molecule polonium to Beryllium. The results from the experiment couldn’t be explained by the particles in the atom at the time which meant that there needed to be another particle in the atom. Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron had a significant impact on the further understanding of the atom. In addition to this, his discovery was used in other circumstances such as being used as “bullet” to bombard alternative nuclei due to the fact that the neutrons were not repelled by particles with a similar charge. As a result of this characteristic, it could easily pass into an atom’s nucleus. Chadwick’s discovery has continued to have a lasting impact long after his death in 1974.

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Louis De Broglie was a French Physicist, born on August 15th, 1892 into a noble family. Although his previous family members became important soldiers, diplomats, and politicians, Louis de Broglie decided not to let them define him and pursued a career in science. He became attracted to the conceptual kind of physics which refers to the unsolved conceptual problems. He studied both theoretical physics and history but ultimately decided to fully pursue physics as a career, officially breaking his family tradition. During his career as a physicist, he identified the fact that electrons and other particles can be referred to as waves. Based on previous experiments, it was understood that electrons and restricted to move only around the nucleus which was further explained by De Broglie’s hypothesis that an electrons have the same properties as a wave. This was supported by further experiments such as when a wavelength was put into the Bragg condition and the diffraction pattern lined up. De Broglie’s discovery was a significant event in the field of quantum physics and was used and expanded on by other physicists such as Einstein and Erwin Schrödinger. On March 19th, 1987, Louis De Broglie died of natural causes at the age of 94, after an extremely influential life that had a remaining impact on the world to this day.

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Werner Heisenberg was a Physicist from Germany who is most known for his contributions in the field of quantum mechanics. He was born in Germany on December 5th, 1901 to an upper-middle class family and developed a liking for science from a young age. During his years in high school, he participated in various youth groups that attempted to reconstruct Germany during World War 1 which took up a large part of his childhood. However, this did not prevent him from perusing his academic goals. In 1920, he joined the University of Munich in order to obtain a math degree, but quit after he was prevented from entering an advanced seminar. After this slight setback, he found his love for physics and decided to pursue that. Around 6 years later, he joined the Institute for Theoretical Physics, located in Copenhagen, and continued his journey in the field of physics. While here, Heisenberg studied the quantum properties of electrons and developed an extremely important principle known as the uncertainty principle. This stated that it is impossible to know the exact momentum and position of a particle. He found this principle by carrying out experiments that included using a gamma ray microscope in order to find an electron’s position. The electron would be illuminated and the momentum would be randomly changed. Although this new principle was originally debated against, it was eventually accepted as a law of nature. He became a professor and continued to teach even throughout World War II, regardless of the fact that many German scientists were departing from the field. He eventually died in 1976 after a successful and influential life. His findings in the field of physics  were crucial to the further understanding of the atom and are still used and appreciated today.

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PBS, Thirteen. “A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Atom Builder.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/atom/.

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