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There are four major groups of the plant kingdom based on four important features: 1) Embryo formation 2) Specialized water-conducting tissues 3)Seeds 4)Flowers

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Cone opens to release the seeds

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Pollen from male cones fertilizes eggs in female cones which develop into seeds.

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modified leaves to prevent water loss

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pine, spruce, fins

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"naked seeds"- cone bearing plants

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                                              Seed Plants

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                                              Seed Plants

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Transportation of carbohydrates and other nutrients

Flow is in whatever direction is needed "up or down"

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Transportation of water and minerals

Flow is from roots to the rest of the plant "up only"

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The multicellular diploid phase which produces spores

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The multicellular haploid phase which produces gametes

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Conduction of of materials

Plants can grow taller to compete

Leaves provide more surface area for sunlight

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Openings in the bottom of leaves for gas exchange

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Waxy layer covering leaves to keep water in

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Angiosperms Are the Most Successful Land Plants 

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Angiosperms Are the Most Successful Land Plants 

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Pollination, followed by dounle fertilization results in an embryo within a seed, enclosed by a fruit.

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Over 200,000 species

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The Magic of Plants

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          The Magic of Plants

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By: Meghna, Shawana, Olivia, and Affaan

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Flowering plants

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Includes: ferns, horsetails and club mosses. They have limited vascular tissue and release spores for reproduction

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Protect embryo from dying out before it can germinate

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attract pollinators for reproduction without water

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Seeds have two seed leaves

Larger than monocot class

Ex. Most fruits and vegetables (carrots, lettuce, apples, and grapes)

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The zygote developes into a new sporophyte

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Embryo contains a single cotelydon

Ex. Grasses & grain producing plants (wheat, rice, corn, etc.)

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Through Wind, Water, Pollinators (insects, birds, small, mammals)

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Fuses a sperm and egg to create a dipolid zygote

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They lack vascular tissue and grow close to the ground. They require water for reproduction (sperm must swim to egg). Alternation of generations occurs. They are limited to growth in moist habitats

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Divided into two large classes: Monocots and Dicots.

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Mosses, Hornworts, Liverwort

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The spores, produce reproductive cells- Sperm and Egg.

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produces haploid spores through meiosis

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The life cycle of land plants has two alternating phases, Diploid (2N) phase and Haploid (N) phase. The shift between the two is known as Alternation of Generation

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Bryophytes: Nonvascular plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms-Cone Bearers and Angiosperms-Flowering Plants

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Self-pollination: on same flower

Cross-pollination: on different flower

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Transfer of pollen from male part of flower (anther) to female part (stigma)

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From about 425 million years ago. The first land plants lacked leaves and roots and were only a few centimeters tall. Their greatest challenge was to obtain water, so they grew close to the ground in damp locations.

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Green algae have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments identical to plants. They also have similar reproductive cycles compared with plants. Green algae is so similar to plants, that they should be included in the plant kingdom.

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Colorless substance containing enzymes, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes that surround the thylakoids

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photosynthetic pigment

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Fossil record indicates that the ancestors of today's land plants were water-dwelling organisms similar to green algae

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DIsk structures which are formed from thylakoid

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Internal Structures of chloroplasts

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Light Reactions: light energy absorbed and converted into chemical energy

Dark Reactions: Chemical energy stored in sugars. New carbon is incorporated into plant for future growth

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carbondioxide+ water using light energy and chlorophyll creates carbohydrates and oxygen

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Photosynthesis takes place in choloroplasts

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Photosynthesis takes place in choloroplasts

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Plants take in sunlight and transform small, simple molecules into complex molecules

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Water and Minerals- water for photosynthesis, mineral for plant growth

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Water and Minerals- water for photosynthesis, mineral for plant growth

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Gas exchange- requires oxygen to support cellular respiration and CO2 for photosynthesis

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Gas exchange- requires oxygen to support cellular respiration and CO2 for photosynthesis

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Sunlight is used to carry out photosynthesis

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Sunlight is used to carry out photosynthesis

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Plants need sunlights, gas exchange, water, and minerals to survive

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Plants need sunlights, gas exchange, water, and minerals to survive

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photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b.

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photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b.

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eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose

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eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose