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Estimated from 17,000 to 15,000 BCE, the Lascaux cave paintings were created in the Dordogne region, specifically in southwestern France. That period of human life was known as the Upper Paleolithic period, also attributed to the Neanderthals. Materials consisted of pigment blocks, grinding stones, brushes, swabs, and stencils cut from hides to carve the cave. The reason why these paintings were made is believed to serve not only as a hunting center but also as a site for religious ceremonies over an extended period.

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Around 2900 BCE, in the Diyala Governorate of Iraq, Mesopotamians fashioned this Sumerian artwork. Composed of gypsum, limestone, and alabaster, these statues portray worshippers engaged in prayer to the god Abu.

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Created around 1754 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia, the Code of Hammurabi is one of the earliest written legal codes. There are about 282 laws, and they all cover various aspects of society that are based on the principle of "an eye for an eye." The code reflects a person's morals and social order, and punishments should fit the crimes committed.

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Built about 573 BC under the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II, the Babylonian gate was constructed. The Babylonian was also built in unbanked clay tiles with mud cement, identical to the nearby walls. Apart from this, it was known to be a double gate that surrounded the inner walls of Babylon and stood over the Street of Possession.

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The second temple of King Solomon was built by the Jews primarily for religious purposes after their exile that occurred in Babylon. The temple was constructed by Jews in Jerusalem between 586 BCE and CE 70 with wood, stone, and gold materials.

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Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple was built around 1479 BCE in Egypt. It serves as a grand tribute to Queen Hatshepsut and incorporates unique architectural features. The temple reflects her reign's prosperity and is dedicated to the god Amun.

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Nefertiti, an influential Egyptian queen in the 14th century BCE, was renowned for her beauty and played a significant role during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten. She actively participated in religious changes of the time and is famously depicted in iconic busts, symbolizing her enduring grace and elegance.

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The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro, part of the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE), is a well-preserved structure with ritualistic significance. Its advanced engineering reflects the civilization's expertise in urban planning and hydraulics. The purpose of the bath, along with the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, remains subjects of scholarly debate.

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The Toreador Fresco was believed to have been made around 1450-1400 BC and depicts a Minoan ceremony of bull-leaping, which might have been a religious ritual or observation of nature. In order to make the marvelous painting, the Minoan civilization used dry mineral pigments, which were mixed with water as its medium, and applied onto wet lime-plaster. Many have concluded this artistic perspective due to three people shown leaping over a bull.

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Modern research indicates that the Mask of Agamemnon was made around 1550-1500 BCE out of cloth covered with stucco or plaster, which was then painted. For more important personages, silver and gold were used. The masks most likely represented the deceased and their continuation of dead's identity in death.

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Made around 540-530 BCE by Exekias was the Amphora. The vase is made out of terracotta and painted on with liquid clay. The Amphora served multiple purposes, such as holding any liquids or grains. It was a term for a unit of measure and was sometimes used as grave markers or containers for funeral offerings or human remains. In addition, the vase is believed to depict Achilles and Ajax playing the game of chance, which may be interpreted as a metaphor for fate.

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The well-known statue is a discus thrower by a Greek sculptor named Myron. However, it doesn't only represent the sport of the time but also displays human agility and strength, which is the athletic ideal. He sculpted the statue out of Greek bronze around 460 to 450 BCE.

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The original purpose of the Parthenon, located on the hill of Acropolis at Athens, which was built around 447-438 BCE, was to honor the Greek goddess Athena and a place to worship. The person responsible for this temple is Pericles, an Athenian statesman who directed Ictinus and Callicrates to build the Parthenon. Under the guidance of the sculptor Phidias, these two men and their team used Pentilic marble to construct the temple that still stands today.

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The Laocoön and His Sons is a statue representing sea serpents sent from the gods attacking the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons, Antiphates and Thymbraeus, due to Laocoön arguing over bringing the Trojan horse into the city. Furthermore, the sculpture conveys physical suffering and is often called “the prototypical icon of human agony.” Three sculptors named Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus made this statue with gruesome symbolism out of white marble. The statue was found at the Esquiline Hill in Rome in 1506, and its founding made a great impression on Italian artists and continued to influence Italian art, specifically into the Baroque period.

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The artist of the Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory) is still being determined, but we know that the statue was made in 190 BCE on the Greek Island of Samothrace. This statue is made of Parian marble and was sculpted to serve as an offering to the Greek gods. We also know it was made to commemorate a navel victory, but the battle still needs to be discovered.

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Estimated to have been created by the Etruscans around 520 B.C.E, the Sarcophagus of the Spouses held the material remains of the deceased. The masterwork was made out of terracotta, fired clay sculpture, in the ancient Etruscan city of Caere.

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Made around 20 B.C, the Augustus of Prima Porta statue was believed to be commissioned by Livia Drusilla to celebrate the victory of Augustus against the Parthians. The significance of the statue is most likely to transmit an important imperial message to the viewer. The message is trying to convey is that Emperor Augustus is a strong and victorious warrior. Furthermore, many aspects of his life such as military accomplishments and his divinity are reflected off this statue.

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The Pantheon was first built by Agrippa between 25 and 27 BCE but was later modified by Roman Emperor Hadrian in around 118 and 125 CE. The Pantheon is in Rome and is made of concrete, brick, and white marble. It is believed that the Pantheon was a temple made to honor and worship all the Roman gods.

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The construction of the Colosseum began between 70 and 72 C.E. under Emperor Vespasian's reign, but the Jewish slaves did the physical construction. The Jewish slaves used concrete, marble, stone, and timber materials. Before Emperor Vespasian died, he intended the Colosseum to serve as an entertainment venue, hosting gladiator fights, animal hunts, etc.

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Built between 532 and 537, the Hagia Sophia has served many purposes (religious, political, artistic reasons)yet, after all the years, it still manages to represent a brilliant moment in Byzantine architecture architecture and art. The Hagia Sophia was originally created under the orders of Emperor Justinian I to be the principal Christian church of the Byzantine Empire. The now considered museum is made out of brick, mortar, marble, mosaics, pumice stone, plaster, etc.

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The Justinian Mosaic in San Vitale was made in 547 by unknown artists. This mosaic can be found in the church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. This mosaic is made up of small pieces of marble, gold, and glass, known as tesserae. The Justinian Mosaic showed Byzantine Emperor Justinian's administrative, religious, and military authority.

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Abd al Rahman I, the Umayyad ruler at the time, constructed Córdoba's Mezquita, also known as the Great Mosque of Córdoba. He made it in around 784, and it can now be found in Córdoba, Spain. This historical monument is made of marble, jasper, and porphyry. The Great Mosque of Córdoba stands as a stronghold for the Muslim world in Spain.

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Ozo of Metz built the Palatine Chapel around 790 under the guidance of Charlemagne, the Carolingian Emperor of Europe. This holy chapel is found in western Germany and is made of marble stones. The Palatine Chapel was used for coronation ceremonies and symbolized multicultural collaboration. The sacred building's symbolism stems from artisans of three different religions working together to construct this historic monument.

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Maurice de Sully and the best architects at the time constructed the Notre Dame De Paris around 1160. This monument is found in Paris, France, and is made of limestone and wood. The Notre Dame De Paris was used as a storage unit and later returned to its roots as a religious building.

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Sienese painter Duccio di Buoninsegna was commissioned to paint the Rucellai Madonna in 1285. The Rucellai Madonna was originally painted in Florence, Italy using egg tempera to paint on a wood frame and panel. This painting depicts the Madonna and Child in real-life terms after the Madonna learns about the crucifixion of Christ, the Child.