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Computer Scientist Explains Machine Learning in 5 Levels of Difficulty | WIRED

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A computer science department at Brigham Young University has changed forever how football game-tape analysis is planned and carried out.

This step change matters because it's the bedrock of game-winning strategies. The innovation comes from D.J. Lee, professor, and director of the Robotic Vision Laboratory in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Brigham Young University (BYU), who -- along with researchers Jacob Newman, Andrew Sumsion, and Shad Torrie -- might have just provided football coaches with a dream assistant who can complete analysis like no one else.
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This ground-breaking solution uses machine learning, neural networks, and computer vision to save hundreds of hours of tedious work in tagging home and opposition players, tracking their movements and accurately identifying formations that can inform a counter-strategy.

Football, as you are probably aware, is a game where teams live and die by their strategies. This significance helps to explain why the NFL doesn't want the process of researching an opponent to resemble a Cold War spy thriller. Its "Game Operations Manual" states that "no video recording devices of any kind are permitted to be in use in the coaches' booth, on the field, or in the locker room during the game."
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No devices? No problem. The information-gathering process is so critical to eking out a competitive advantage that furtive scouts sit in the stands with binoculars trained on coaches and their assistants, trying desperately to detect hand movements and gestures that could offer any insight into their plans. (Apparently, there's no credible evidence that this approach works, largely because, without video, it is so difficult to get right, especially with all the fake calls employed.)

This lack of success means analyzing game tapes is the only option available.

The stop-and-start nature of football, often involving a gradual, steady march down the field in various kinds of formations is fundamentally different from more fluid, free-flowing sports like soccer -- but the strategic nature of football also makes it perfect for analysis.

Homework never ends

In football, coaches and their players get countless organized opportunities to execute different strategies on every down and formulate specific tactics for every play, whether you are on defense or offense.

If you have done your homework well, and the footage Gods have offered up some unique insights, you have a shot at using them to outwit the other side.

Veteran football player and NFL scout Mark Lillibridge, talks about how, through watching tapes repetitively, his team discovered how one particular and fearsome fullback on an opposing team had developed a tell -- or a habit -- of "ever so slightly cran(ing) his neck to get a view of the player he was about to block."
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These sort of epiphanies score points, win games and burnish careers. "There's nothing better than being 90% sure what play was about to be run," says Lillibridge.

This kind of insight explains why, even today, players start their preparations for the next game by watching footage of the one that just concluded, either together or in their separate units so they can prepare for strategies like pass rushes and blitzes. Many teams allow their players to download footage onto their iPads from almost anywhere.

But footage by itself does not make a player victorious. The real, grueling work takes place in the departments built to generate game tapes.

There, team personnel have to correctly identify players from opposing teams, their locations, positions and movements, as well as offensive and defensive formations.

They then need to make insightful observations on everything from overall strategies being employed by the opposition coach down to granular details about player movements and tendencies, so that countermeasures can be hatched.
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That level of analysis involves a lot of hours. There are 55 players on each team's roster and 32 teams in the league. If you're also scouring tapes historically -- looking at plays from previous years to add more depth to your analysis -- then that's enough time to ensure you never see daylight.

What's more, it's hard to get the analysis right. Game-tape prepping is painstaking work, especially for humans. For machine learning, on the other hand, it's a piece of cake.

It's all about the angles

When the BYU engineering team started to look at their college's football tapes, it was quickly apparent that there was a big problem: there were no consistent workable camera angles.

At the college level, camera placement for games tends to be all over the place and not all players on the field are always visible by one camera angle. Then, there is the quarterback, who stands in front of the center blocking him. And the defensive players closest to the line of scrimmage are also obstructed by the offensive line.
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For a machine-learning algorithm to work effortlessly and automatically, it would have to be able to rely on angles that are consistently the same across all college game footage involving BYU or any of their opponents.

So, to save time, the team at BYU decided to come up with a proof of concept, using a game-based solution instead of waiting for the camera angles to sort themselves out.

"We then stumbled upon a solution -- the Madden 2020 NFL video game," Lee told ZDNet. "It actually allows you to position the camera view in a variety of different places and gave us the control and consistency our algorithm needed."

The camera view that proved most useful was an overhead, bird's-eye-view, vantage point where almost all the players could be seen. Coupled with end-zone views that showed both the offense and defense, every player could be covered consistently.

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The solution worked and the BYU team's algorithm was able to identify and label 1,000 images and videos from the game.

"We obtain greater than 90% accuracy on both player detection and labeling, and 84.8% accuracy on formation identification," the researchers reported.

In fact, the formation identification accuracy hit 99.5% if the more complex I formation -- which had several player views obstructed -- was dropped from the algorithm.

A winning view

So, what does all this success mean for the immediate future of football analysis? "Well, you could get access to the broadcast video of NFL games, filter out commercials, graphs that they put on the screen, but it's not as efficient. It's a lot more work," said Lee.

"You don't really need to be have a bird's eye view, right? You just need to be up high, so we can see the whole field. And if you cannot see from the overhead camera, you should be able to see from the end zone. Once you get that all synchronized, you're in business," added Lee.
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Well, guess what? The NFL has long-published every NFL game in the season using the All-22 format -- a camera perched high up at the 50-yard line, where you can see every player on the field.

Even eager fans can access this data for $75 a year.

NCAA college football conferences started doing the same thing last year, but the initiative is still in its infancy.

In other words, what BYU's algorithm has allowed with Madden 2020 can easily be transposed onto the NFL as we speak -- and it should only be a matter of time for college teams to follow suit.

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I asked Lee what would happen when algorithms, with total command of every strategy, counter-strategy, and player strength and weakness, become more effective coaches than humans, instructing players directly via helmet mics.

"That's scary," said Lee. "Coaches become obsolete. That's probably not that cool."

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AI is changing football analysis forever. Could coaches become obsolete?

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Annotating and analyzing game tape is a bread-and-butter activity for football teams, yet it is painfully time-consuming process that's prone to human error. BYU's engineering department is working on changing that.

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What is cybersecurity? Explore IBM Security QRadar

Cybersecurity refers to any technology, measure or practice for preventing cyberattacks or mitigating their impact. Cybersecurity aims to protect individuals' and organizations' systems, applications, computing devices, sensitive data and financial assets against simple and annoying computer viruses, sophisticated and costly ransomware attacks, and everything in between.

Cyberattacks have the power to disrupt, damage or destroy businesses-and the cost to victims keeps rising. For example, according to IBM's Cost of a Data Breach 2023 report,

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The information technology (IT) trends of the past few years-the rise in cloud computing adoption, network complexity, remote work and work from home, bring your own device (BYOD) programs, and connected devices and sensors in everything from doorbells to cars to assembly lines-have resulted in tremendous business advantages and human progress, but have also created exponentially more ways for cybercriminals to attack.

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Analyst report Global Security Operations Center Study Results

Read the latest cyberthreat detection and response trends compiled from 1,000 security operations center (SOC) team members around the world.

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Types of cybersecurity (cybersecurity domains)

A strong cybersecurity strategy protects all relevant IT infrastructure layers or domains against cyberthreats and cybercrime.

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Despite an ever-increasing volume of cybersecurity incidents worldwide, and ever-increasing volumes of learnings gleaned from them, some very dangerous misconceptions persist.

Strong passwords alone are adequate protection. Strong passwords make a difference. For example, all other things being equal, a 12-character password takes 62 trillion times longer to crack than a 6-character password. But because cybercriminals can steal passwords (or pay disgruntled employees or other insiders to steal them), they can't be an organization's or individual's only security measure.

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Cybercriminals don't attack small businesses. Yes, they do. For example, in 2021 82 percent of ransomware attacks targeted companies with fewer than 1,000 employees; 37 percent of companies attacked with ransomware had fewer than 100 employees. ⁵

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Cybersecurity technology and best practices protect critical systems and sensitive information from an ever-growing volume of continually evolving threats.