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As we know it

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Native Americans: Period characteristics 

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Native Americans: Period characteristics 

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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During the native American period many works of literature were passed to new generations orally. Literature works were many and the Native Americans wrote a variety of different types of writing for their history.

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Native Americans used technology and material culture such as fire, domesticated dogs, many tools made of stone, spears, bows and arrows, netting, and pottery in a couple of places.

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Native Americans domesticated many crops that are mass-produced today. These crops include corn, beans, squash, potatoes, and other tubers. For farming these different kinds of crops women were mostly assigned to growing and harvesting crops. They also domesticated different kinds of animals such as turkeys, llamas, and alpacas.

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As we know it

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period characteristics 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period characteristics 

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Authors and works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Authors and works

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from what they saw as corrupt practices and rituals. They held strong religious convictions and believed in strict adherence to biblical principles.

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Many Puritans immigrated to North America, specifically the New England region, in the early 17th century. They established colonies like Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Connecticut, where they aimed to build a "City upon a Hill" as a model Christian society.

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Period characteristics: 1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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The Enlightenment was characterized by an emphasis on reason and rationalism as the primary sources of knowledge and decision-making. Philosophers and thinkers of the period advocated for critical thinking and the use of reason to solve societal and political problems.

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The Enlightenment dominated and spread throughout Europe brought art and musical talents to a new rise and displayed much talent from many as the expansion and appreciation for the world's talents were exposed.

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1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Transcendentalism is a very loose collection of ideas of literature, philosophy, religion, social reform, and discussion of the State of American culture. Further, the idea of Transcendentalism began with a dispute with the unitarian church.

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The belief of Transcendentalism questioned the authority and cultural norms of the time such as religion and education to transform literature and philosophy to gain further social reform.

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1840-1860
Transcendentalism

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1. A man called Tim Bray quit his job as VP in amazon in a protest of the firing of people who had raised their concerns about safety concerns under the work conditions in warehouses during the pandemic. Tim was quite disappointed and concerned due to the conditions of work in the warehouses as the vulnerability is quite large in the conditions of the warehouse work. 2020

2. Malala a Pakistani schoolgirl who defied threats of the Taliban to campaign for the right to education. She published a blog about her education and hopes that more young women in Pakistan would gain an education. This made her a target of the Taliban who believed women should not be educated. She was later shot in the head by the Taliban, but survived and became a global advocate for human rights, women’s rights and the right to education. 1997

3. Martin Luther King believed that the racism and segregation of America in the 1960s was deeply unjust. He protested against laws which discriminated against black people. For example, in 1964, the local authorities in Alabama tried to outlaw any civil rights protest. But, Martin Luther King wished to show the nation the racism of the local governments. He continued with marches from Selema to Montgomery in Alabama. The tv coverage of the violence on the march, helped to shift public opinion and support civil rights legislation.

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Tim Bray

quit Amazon to bring light to poor working conditions in warehouses.

Malala

Faced the Taliban with ferocity and achieved her goal.

Martin Luther King

Sought and brought the racial problem to light.

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Martin Luther King many protests and gathered a large group of followers who would always be present for his speeches and protests that would fight for justice and rights for people of color and to fight against the prevalent problem of racism.

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People like Tim Bray are needed more in the world and people that don't consider the poor working conditions should be the ones fired as people should be concerned for their safety in the job they work in.

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2020, 1997, and 1929-1968

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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The War of 1812 was fought due to issues that kept arising between the United States and Britain. Issues that occurred were things such as the impressment of US sailors and the trade restrictions put on America. For the Native Americans who allied with the British, the outcome on their land was very much so devastating. The War of 1812 ended when the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war formally and brought the restrictions that the British imposed on the US down.

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The California Gold Rush was an important event that tons of people took part in to find easy riches. The Gold Rush began in 1848 and around 300,000 people went to the territory of Sutter's Mill where the event went down. It all started when a man called John Sutter owned a water-powered sawmill, and his carpenter just happened to find flakes of gold in the streambed. The two said that they were going to keep this their secret, however, news spread like wildfire about the presence of gold within the area, and in response, thousands of money-hungry people arrived.

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1800-1860

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
1848

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Puritans

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Nathaniel Hawthorne became very known in this time period as he wrote and published his very famous work of literature the Scarlet Letter in 1850. This book remains one of his best works and considering that this was written during the American Renaissance it would make sense especially with the growth and popularity of literature and new development of ideologies. Hawthorne is very much so appraised because of his views on the different aspects of life during the time especially with Puritanism and a critique on the harshness of society.

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Transcendentalism was a topic of theological dispute during the American Renaissance, it was incorporated into some aspects of daily life such as education. The father of transcendentalism was Ralph Waldo Emerson who published a book of essays that first brought the idea of transcendentalism to life. Through his writings, Emerson established the importance of nature, the limitations of being chained to the past, the innocence of childhood, and the dangers of established institutions.

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Tupac was raised whilst on the move with his family until he moved to Baltimore Maryland where he would be put into an elite art school. Before he could graduate he would take to being part of gang culture which involved him taking to the streets to sell and do unwise things. After being part of gang culture he would be able to take to writing his famous rap songs today, he would write about his experience in gang life and more.

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Tupac Shakur, in full Tupac Amaru Shakur, original name Lesane Parish Crooks, bynames 2Pac and Makaveli, (born June 16, 1971, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.-died September 13, 1996, Las Vegas, Nevada), American rapper and actor who was one of the leading names in 1990s gangsta rap.

Lesane Crooks was born to Afeni Shakur (née Alice Faye Williams), a member of the Black Panther Party, and she renamed him Tupac Amaru Shakur-after Peruvian revolutionary Túpac Amaru II-when he was a year old. He spent much of his childhood on the move with his family, which in 1986 settled in Baltimore, Maryland, where Shakur attended the elite Baltimore School for the Arts. He distinguished himself as a student, both creatively and academically, but his family relocated to Marin City, California, before he could graduate. There Shakur took to the streets, selling drugs and becoming involved in the gang culture that would one day provide material for his rap lyrics. In 1990 he joined Digital Underground, an Oakland-based rap group that had scored a Billboard Top 40 hit with the novelty single "The Humpty Dance." Shakur performed on two Digital Underground albums in 1991, This Is an EP Release and Sons of the P, before his solo debut, 2Pacalypse Now, later that year.

2Pacalypse Now was a radical break from the dance party sound of Digital Underground, and its tone and content were much closer to the works of Public Enemy and West Coast gangsta rappers N.W.A. The lack of a clear single on the album limited its radio appeal, but it sold well, especially after U.S. Vice Pres. Dan Quayle criticized the song "Soulja's Story" during the 1992 presidential campaign. That same year Shakur joined the ranks of other rappers-turned-actors, such as Ice Cube and Ice-T, when he was cast in the motion picture Juice, an urban crime drama. The following year he appeared in Poetic Justice, opposite Janet Jackson, and he released his second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. The album did not stray far from the activist lyricism of his debut, but singles such as "Holler If Ya Hear Me" and "Keep Ya Head Up" made it much more radio-friendly.

With increased fame and success came greater scrutiny of Shakur's gangsta lifestyle. A string of arrests culminated with a conviction for sexual assault in 1994; he was incarcerated when his third album, Me Against the World, was released in 1995. Shakur was paroled after serving eight months in prison, and he signed with Suge Knight's Death Row Records for his next release. That album, All Eyez on Me (1996), was a two-disc paean to the "thug life" that Shakur embodied. It debuted at number one on the Billboard charts and sold more than five million copies within its first year of release. Quick to capitalize on his most recent success, Shakur returned to Hollywood, where he starred in Bullet (1996) and Gridlock'd (1997).

On the evening of September 7, 1996, Shakur was leaving a Las Vegas casino, where he had just attended a prizefight featuring heavyweight champion Mike Tyson, when he was shot by an unknown assailant. The incident, believed by many to be the result of an ongoing rivalry between the East Coast and West Coast rap communities, shocked the entertainment world. Shakur died six days later. In spite of his relatively short recording career, Shakur left an enduring legacy within the hip-hop community. His popularity was undiminished after his death, and a long succession of posthumous releases (many of them were simply repackaged or remixed existing material, and most were of middling quality) ensured that "new" 2Pac albums continued to appear well into the 21st century. Shakur was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.

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Tupac Shakur | Biography, Songs, Albums, Movies, & Facts

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Tupac Shakur, the influential rapper and actor, used his raw talent to address social issues and became an enduring symbol of artistic expression in hip-hop culture.

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Tupac after a while would be able to join the group of rappers that held a role in movies. After appearing in multiple movies he would go back to producing rap songs and making more of his albums.

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After living with his gangster life lifestyle he would ultimately be arrested on the conviction of sexual assault. After 8 months of being incarcerated he would be paroled where he would keep producing music. Tupac was visiting a casino in Las Vegas where he would see Mike Tyson fighting another boxer. Upon leaving the casino he would be shot by an unknown assailant who ended his life before it could really start.

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Stephen Crane's father died when Stephen was quite young as he remained the youngest child of 14. He would partake in preparatory school where he would graduate and go to college for no more than two years and then he went to New York City. This is where he would live in a medical students' boarding house while free-lancing his way to a literary career.

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Stephen Crane, (born Nov. 1, 1871, Newark, N.J., U.S.-died June 5, 1900, Badenweiler, Baden, Ger.), American novelist, poet, and short-story writer, best known for his novels Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of Courage (1895) and the short stories "The Open Boat," "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky," and "The Blue Hotel."

Stephen's father, Jonathan Crane, was a Methodist minister who died in 1880, leaving Stephen, the youngest of 14 children, to be reared by his devout, strong-minded mother. After attending preparatory school at the Claverack College (1888-90), Crane spent less than two years at college and then went to New York City to live in a medical students' boardinghouse while freelancing his way to a literary career. While alternating bohemian student life and explorations of the Bowery slums with visits to genteel relatives in the country near Port Jervis, N.Y., Crane wrote his first book, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), a sympathetic study of an innocent and abused slum girl's descent into prostitution and her eventual suicide.

At that time so shocking that Crane published it under a pseudonym and at his own expense, Maggie left him to struggle as a poor and unknown freelance journalist, until he was befriended by Hamlin Garland and the influential critic William Dean Howells. Suddenly in 1895 the publication of The Red Badge of Courage and of his first book of poems, The Black Riders, brought him international fame. Strikingly different in tone and technique from Maggie, The Red Badge of Courage is a subtle impressionistic study of a young soldier trying to find reality amid the conflict of fierce warfare. The book's hero, Henry Fleming, survives his own fear, cowardice, and vainglory and goes on to discover courage, humility, and perhaps wisdom in the confused combat of an unnamed Civil War battle. Crane, who had as yet seen no war, was widely praised by veterans for his uncanny power to imagine and reproduce the sense of actual combat.

Crane's few remaining years were chaotic and personally disastrous. His unconventionality and his sympathy for the downtrodden aroused malicious gossip and false charges of drug addiction and Satanism that disgusted the fastidious author. His reputation as a war writer, his desire to see if he had guessed right about the psychology of combat, and his fascination with death and danger sent him to Greece and then to Cuba as a war correspondent.

His first attempt in 1897 to report on the insurrection in Cuba ended in near disaster; the ship Commodore on which he was traveling sank with $5,000 worth of ammunition, and Crane-reported drowned-finally rowed into shore in a dinghy with the captain, cook, and oiler, Crane scuttling his money belt of gold before swimming through dangerous surf. The result was one of the world's great short stories, "The Open Boat. "

Unable to get to Cuba, Crane went to Greece to report the Greco-Turkish War for the New York Journal. He was accompanied by Cora Taylor, a former brothel-house proprietor. At the end of the war they settled in England in a villa at Oxted, Surrey, and in April 1898 Crane departed to report the Spanish-American War in Cuba, first for the New York World and then for the New York Journal. When the war ended, Crane wrote the first draft of Active Service, a novel of the Greek war. He finally returned to Cora in England nine months after his departure and settled in a costly 14th-century manor house at Brede Place, Sussex. Here Cora, a silly woman with social and literary pretensions, contributed to Crane's ruin by encouraging his own social ambitions. They ruined themselves financially by entertaining hordes of spongers, as well as close literary friends-including Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, H.G. Wells, Henry James, and Robert Barr, who completed Crane's Irish romance The O'Ruddy.

Crane now fought a desperate battle against time, illness, and debts. Privation and exposure in his Bowery years and as a correspondent, together with an almost deliberate disregard for his health, probably hastened the disease that killed him at an early age. He died of tuberculosis that was compounded by the recurrent malarial fever he had caught in Cuba.

After The Red Badge of Courage, Crane's few attempts at the novel were of small importance, but he achieved an extraordinary mastery of the short story. He exploited youthful small-town experiences in The Monster and Other Stories (1899) and Whilomville Stories (1900); the Bowery again in George's Mother (1896); an early trip to the southwest and Mexico in "The Blue Hotel" and "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky"; the Civil War again in The Little Regiment (1896); and war correspondent experiences in The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure (1898) and Wounds in the Rain (1900). In the best of these tales Crane showed a rare ability to shape colourful settings, dramatic action, and perceptive characterization into ironic explorations of human nature and destiny. In even briefer scope, rhymeless, cadenced and "free" in form, his unique, flashing poetry was extended into War Is Kind (1899).

Stephen Crane first broke new ground in Maggie, which evinced an uncompromising (then considered sordid) realism that initiated the literary trend of the succeeding generations- i.e., the sociological novels of Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, and James T. Farrell. Crane intended The Red Badge of Courage to be "a psychological portrayal of fear," and reviewers rightly praised its psychological realism. The first nonromantic novel of the Civil War to attain widespread popularity, The Red Badge of Courage turned the tide of the prevailing convention about war fiction and established a new, if not unprecedented, one. The secret of Crane's success as war correspondent, journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and poet lay in his achieving tensions between irony and pity, illusion and reality, or the double mood of hope contradicted by despair. Crane was a great stylist and a master of the contradictory effect.

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Stephen Crane | American Author & Civil War Poet

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Stephen Crane, American novelist, poet, and short-story writer, best known for his novels Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of Courage (1895) and the short stories "The Open Boat," "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky," and "The Blue Hotel." Stephen's father, Jonathan Crane, was a

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Stephen Crane would keep up with his student life whilst going on explorations around slums where he would write his first book titled: "Maggie: A girl of the streets". This book was a study of an innocent and abused slum girl's descent into prostitution and then her eventual suicide. Although he would receive a little backlash for the shocking production of this book, after this he would change to become a war writer.

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People would gossip about Crane and they would spread rumors of false accusations of drug addiction and his alleged affiliation to satanism which was of course all false. His new reputation of a war writer, his desire to see if he had guessed right about the psychology of combat, and his fascination of death and danger would have him ending up as a war correspondent. Tragedy and life would not treat him well as during his travels he would catch illnesses and thanks to his debt he would eventually succumb to the illnesses.

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Edgar Allen Poe's mother would die and leave him to the care of his godfather John Allan who was a Richmond merchant. Poe would receive a classic education as he would go to college after his graduation. During his college stay he would gamble in the university, and thanks to this he would loose his privilege to go to college. Thanks to all these factors, poverty would force Poe to go join the army up until he would be released because his foster mother had died.

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Life

Poe was the son of the English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe, Jr., an actor from Baltimore. After his mother died in Richmond, Virginia, in 1811, he was taken into the home of John Allan, a Richmond merchant (presumably his godfather), and of his childless wife. He was later taken to Scotland and England (1815-20), where he was given a classical education that was continued in Richmond. For 11 months in 1826 he attended the University of Virginia, but his gambling losses at the university so incensed his guardian that he refused to let him continue, and Poe returned to Richmond to find his sweetheart, (Sarah) Elmira Royster, engaged. He went to Boston, where in 1827 he published a pamphlet of youthful Byronic poems, Tamerlane, and Other Poems. Poverty forced him to join the army under the name of Edgar A. Perry, but, on the death of Poe's foster mother, John Allan purchased his release from the army and helped him get an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Before going, Poe published a new volume at Baltimore, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems (1829). He successfully sought expulsion from the academy, where he was absent from all drills and classes for a week. He proceeded to New York City and brought out a volume of Poems, containing several masterpieces, some showing the influence of John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He then returned to Baltimore, where he began to write stories. In 1833 his " MS. Found in a Bottle" won $50 from a Baltimore weekly, and by 1835 he was in Richmond as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. There he made a name as a critical reviewer and married his young cousin Virginia Clemm, who was only 13. Poe seems to have been an affectionate husband and son-in-law.

Poe was dismissed from his job in Richmond, apparently for drinking, and went to New York City. Drinking was in fact to be the bane of his life. To talk well in a large company he needed a slight stimulant, but a glass of sherry might start him on a spree; and, although he rarely succumbed to intoxication, he was often seen in public when he did. This gave rise to the conjecture that Poe was a drug addict, but according to medical testimony he had a brain lesion. While in New York City in 1838 he published a long prose narrative, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, combining (as so often in his tales) much factual material with the wildest fancies. It is considered one inspiration of Herman Melville's Moby Dick. In 1839 he became coeditor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine in Philadelphia. There a contract for a monthly feature stimulated him to write "William Wilson" and "The Fall of the House of Usher," stories of supernatural horror. The latter contains a study of a neurotic now known to have been an acquaintance of Poe, not Poe himself.

Later in 1839 Poe's Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque appeared (dated 1840). He resigned from Burton's about June 1840 but returned in 1841 to edit its successor, Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine, in which he printed "The Murders in the Rue Morgue"-the first detective story. In 1843 his "The Gold Bug" won a prize of $100 from the Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper, which gave him great publicity. In 1844 he returned to New York, wrote "The Balloon Hoax" for the Sun, and became subeditor of the New York Mirror under N.P. Willis, thereafter a lifelong friend. In the New York Mirror of January 29, 1845, appeared, from advance sheets of the American Review, his most famous poem, "The Raven," which gave him national fame at once. Poe then became editor of the Broadway Journal, a short-lived weekly, in which he republished most of his short stories, in 1845. During this last year the now-forgotten poet Frances Sargent Locke Osgood pursued Poe. Virginia did not object, but "Fanny's" indiscreet writings about her literary love caused great scandal. His The Raven and Other Poems and a selection of his Tales came out in 1845, and in 1846 Poe moved to a cottage at Fordham (now part of New York City), where he wrote for Godey's Lady's Book (May-October 1846) "The Literati of New York City"-gossipy sketches on personalities of the day, which led to a libel suit.

Poe's wife, Virginia, died in January 1847. The following year he went to Providence, Rhode Island, to woo Sarah Helen Whitman, a poet. There was a brief engagement. Poe had close but platonic entanglements with Annie Richmond and with Sarah Anna Lewis, who helped him financially. He composed poetic tributes to all of them. In 1848 he also published the lecture "Eureka," a transcendental "explanation" of the universe, which has been hailed as a masterpiece by some critics and as nonsense by others. In 1849 he went south, had a wild spree in Philadelphia, but got safely to Richmond, where he finally became engaged to Elmira Royster, by then the widowed Mrs. Shelton, and spent a happy summer with only one or two relapses. He enjoyed the companionship of childhood friends and an unromantic friendship with a young poet, Susan Archer Talley.

Poe had some forebodings of death when he left Richmond for Baltimore late in September. There he died, although whether from drinking, heart failure, or other causes was still uncertain in the 21st century. He was buried in Westminster Presbyterian churchyard in Baltimore.

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Edgar Allan Poe | Biography, Poems, Short Stories, & Facts

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Edgar Allan Poe, the master of macabre literature and pioneer of detective fiction, intrigued readers with his haunting tales that explored the depths of human psychology.

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Edgar Allen Poe would get a job in Richmond where he would eventually be fired thanks to his constant drinking that would affect his daily and career life. The good thing is that he would be employed again as an editor to Burton's Gentleman's magazine in Philadelphia. Thanks to his experience as an editor and his revisory of all the work that he had reviewed and edited had served a purpose for his writing career.

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Edgar Allen Poe would write poems and stories whenever he could and he would write stories that would get very popular later down the line. His incredible abilities for writing would impress many generations to come.

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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The invention of photography in the 19th century had a significant impact on Realism. The ability to capture real-life scenes with a camera influenced artists to strive for similar accuracy and detail in their work.

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Realism emphasized the depiction of ordinary people and everyday activities. It sought to represent the lives of common people, including the working class, in a truthful and straightforward manner.

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Civil War
1861-1865

Reconstruction Era
1865-1877

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1. Mark Twain's real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He adopted the pen name "Mark Twain," which is a riverboat term meaning two fathoms deep, a safe depth for riverboats.

2. Twain's most famous works include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is often called "the Great American Novel."

3. Twain was known for his sharp wit and humor, which he used to criticize social and political issues of his time. His works often addressed issues such as racism, slavery, and human folly.

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1. Alice Walker's first book of poetry, Once, was published in 1968. Her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, was published in 1970.

2. Walker's works often explore themes of race, gender, sexuality, spirituality, and social justice. She is known for her strong, complex female characters and her advocacy for women of color.

3. Throughout her career, Walker has been an outspoken advocate for social justice, human rights, and environmental issues. She has traveled extensively to support causes such as women's rights, anti-apartheid efforts, and indigenous rights.

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Modernists sought to break away from traditional forms and conventions in art and literature. They experimented with new styles, techniques, and subject matter to reflect the rapidly changing world.

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Modernism in visual arts saw the rise of movements such as Cubism, led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque; Surrealism, with artists like Salvador Dalí and René Magritte; and Abstract Expressionism, exemplified by Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko.

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World War I
1914-1918

The Great Depression
1929-1939

World War II
1939-1945

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During these years women's independence movements were popularized as women received larger rights such as the right to vote which was a very debated topic during the years. Women were also now allowed to enter into different jobs and had many more options for jobs.

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The Roaring 20's was a major era of freedom for all, this is especially shown with flappers which were women who were young and stylish but above all else free.

Here is the link to the information I read about: https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/roaring-twenties-history

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For many, the American Dream in the 1930s shifted from aspirations of wealth and prosperity to basic survival and economic security. People sought stable employment, adequate housing, and enough food to feed their families. This was all due to the timing of the Great Depression as this was a major event during the time. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs aimed to restore economic stability and provide relief to those affected by the Depression. Initiatives like Social Security, unemployment insurance, and public works projects helped restore some faith in the American Dream by providing a safety net and job opportunities.

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During World War II, the American Dream was characterized by a sense of patriotism and duty. Many Americans saw their contribution to the war effort, whether through military service or industrial work, as part of a collective goal to preserve freedom and democracy. The war effort spurred economic growth, leading to increased job opportunities and higher wages. This economic revival made the American Dream more attainable for many, as people could once again aspire to own homes, start families, and achieve financial stability. The post-war economic boom led to increased consumerism where more and more people would buy appliances and everyday items.

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A Brief History of the American Dream | George W. Bush Presidential Center

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Homeownership rates soared in the 1950s. The GI Bill, which provided low-interest home loans to returning veterans, contributed significantly to this increase. The post-war period saw a significant increase in birth rates, known as the baby boom. Between 1946 and 1964, millions of babies were born, leading to a focus on family life and children’s well-being. Despite economic prosperity, the American Dream was not equally accessible to all. African Americans and other minority groups faced systemic racism, segregation, and economic disparity. The Civil Rights Movement began to gain momentum in the 1950s, challenging the status quo and advocating for equality and justice.

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The American Dream has been a dynamic and evolving concept throughout United States history, encapsulating the aspirations of countless individuals seeking success and prosperity. Originating from the ideals penned by James Truslow Adams in his 1931 book, "The Epic of America," the American Dream suggests that the country offers the unique possibility for upward mobility through hard work regardless of social class or origins.

In the 1950s, this concept took on a new dimension, reflecting the era's socio-economic landscape. The post-World War II boom in America brought about an era of unprecedented growth and prosperity, allowing more people than ever before to pursue higher standards of living and personal fulfillment. The 1950s in the United States are often nostalgically remembered as the golden years of the American Dream, where owning a home and securing a stable job were not just aspirations but achievable goals for a significant portion of the population.

Historical Context

In the 1950s, the United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower. The socio-economic dynamics of this era were heavily influenced by the war's aftermath, the ongoing Cold War, and a surge in economic prosperity, which, in turn, shaped the American Dream.

Post-World War II America

After World War II, America saw a significant shift in its societal structure. The G.I. Bill greatly contributed to this change, enabling veterans to get higher education and purchase homes, leading to the growth of the American middle class. This period was marked by a sense of optimism and an intense belief in personal betterment, which was reflected in the rising homeownership rates and the burgeoning of suburbs.

The Cold War's Influence

The Cold War posed new challenges in the political arena, fostering a climate of suspicion and the urgent need for technological advancements. The U.S. government responded with increased spending in defense and space technology, spurring innovations and creating numerous jobs. American history during this period was also characterized by the drive to showcase the country's superiority over the Soviet Union, linking national success to individual prosperity.

Economic Growth and the New Deal Legacy

Economic growth in the 1950s was robust, partly due to the foundational impacts of the New Deal policies established in response to the Great Depression. These government initiatives stimulated infrastructure development and government spending. However, such prosperity was not evenly distributed, as racial disparities and gender roles continued to limit the reach of this new-found wealth, illustrating that the American Dream was not yet attainable for all.

Societal Aspects

The 1950s in the United States saw remarkable shifts in society, influenced by a post-war population increase, evolving family structures, advances in education, and significant strides towards racial equality.

Baby Boom and Family Dynamics

The post-World War II era was characterized by a significant increase in births, known as the Baby Boom. This demographic expansion reshaped family dynamics, encouraging a traditional nuclear family model with distinct roles: men as breadwinners and women predominantly as homemakers.

Educational Developments and Schooling

With the Baby Boom came the need for expanded educational facilities. The 1950s experienced a surge in school construction to accommodate the influx of new students. These developments aimed to ensure that education was accessible to the rapidly growing population and that it would fortify the country's future workforce.

Race, Segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement

The decade was also a critical time for African Americans who fought against rampant segregation and discrimination. Monumental efforts by the Civil Rights Movement began to challenge the status quo, working towards a society where Black Americans and White Americans could achieve equal rights under the law.

Economic Dimensions

The 1950s in the United States are characterized by significant economic growth that expanded the middle class, led to increases in wages and employment, and fostered a culture of consumerism along with a surge in home ownership.

The Expansion of the Middle Class

The post-World War II era saw a remarkable boom in the American economy that led to the expansion of the middle class. Factors such as the GI Bill facilitated upward mobility, allowing veterans to pursue higher education and secure better jobs. Additionally, government investments in low-cost housing and infrastructure supported a growing suburban middle class.

Wage Growth and Employment Trends

During the 1950s, wages across various sectors saw considerable growth, bolstering the spending power of American families. Employment trends in this era were largely positive, with high demand for labor across the burgeoning industrial landscape of the United States. This period was marked by a low unemployment rate and stable job opportunities, further securing the economic foundation for many households.

Consumerism and Home Ownership

Consumerism became a key feature of the 1950s as more Americans had disposable income to spend on a range of products, from automobiles to household appliances. The nexus of consumerism intertwined with the ideal of home ownership, with the decade witnessing a housing boom. Suburban home construction escalated, partly due to federal policy, further cementing the reality of home ownership within the American Dream.

The convergence of these factors in the 1950s not only reshaped the American economy and social structure but also solidified the notion that financial success and domestic stability were within reach for a large segment of the population.

Cultural Impact

The 1950s were pivotal in shaping the American Dream, with cultural manifestations in media, music, and literature reinforcing and challenging societal norms. These expressions played a critical role in influencing perceptions of freedom and conformity within American society.

Media Influence and Movie Theaters

During the 1950s, movie theaters emerged as central hubs of American culture, acting as windows to a world shaped by technicolor dreams and on-screen role models. Actors like James Dean and Marilyn Monroe captivated audiences, portraying characters that both challenged and reinforced contemporary social norms. The increased presence of televisions in homes began to shift entertainment consumption habits, but movie theaters remained monumental in shaping public opinion and ideals of the American Dream.

Music, Elvis Presley, and Youth Culture

Music in the 1950s was marked by a seismic shift with the rise of rock 'n' roll, catalyzed by artists such as Elvis Presley. His influence extended beyond his gyrating hips; he became the voice of a generation seeking autonomy and freedom. Presley's impact was evident in the way he blended different musical styles, which reflected the era's gradual movement towards social integration and challenged the conformity seen in 1950s American society.

Literature and James Truslow Adams

It was historian James Truslow Adams who coined the term "the American Dream" in his book The Epic of America. His writings underscored the notion of America as a land of opportunity, where each person could attain their highest aspirations, regardless of social class. Literature of the 1950s often grappled with the balance between this idealized vision and the realities of a post-war world, reflecting a culture in the midst of evaluating its own values and identity.

Urban and Suburban Development

In the 1950s, American urban and suburban landscapes saw dramatic changes with the rise of suburban neighborhoods and the expansion of the interstate highway system. These developments greatly influenced housing trends and environmental policies.

Rise of Suburbs and Tract Housing

The postwar era witnessed an exponential growth of suburbia, marked by sprawling suburbs and tract housing. Tract housing, featuring the owner-occupied, single-family home model, became a dominant force as developers constructed large numbers of similar houses quickly and efficiently to meet the surging demand. These suburban developments often became the physical manifestations of the American dream, epitomized by communities such as Levittown.

Interstate Highways and Mobility

The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 initiated the creation of the interstate highway system, which drastically improved mobility and accessibility across the United States. This vast network of roads allowed for easier commuting from suburban areas to urban centers, facilitating a shift in population distribution and enabling a suburban lifestyle that emphasized personal vehicular travel over public transportation.

Environmental Concerns

As the suburbs and highway systems expanded, unforeseen environmental concerns began to surface. Urban sprawl led to more land being consumed for development, disrupting local ecosystems. Additionally, the increased reliance on automobiles heightened air pollution and began to raise questions about sustainable urban and suburban development.

Gender Roles and Equality

In the milieu of the 1950s, America grappled with rigid gender roles that often limited economic and social opportunities for women, restricting them primarily to the domestic sphere. This period laid the groundwork for a reevaluation of women's roles and the pursuit of equality, setting the stage for emergent feminist movements.

Women's Roles and Betty Friedan

During the 1950s, women were predominantly seen as homemakers and mothers, their contributions to society framed within the context of supporting their husbands and raising children. However, the publication of Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" in 1963 encapsulated the growing dissatisfaction among women. Friedan's work voiced the unspoken frustrations of many American women, who felt confined by limited roles and began to question the societal norms that so narrowly defined them.

Wages for women who did work were significantly lower than those of their male counterparts, reinforcing the notion that a woman's primary role was at home. Yet this decade saw the first whispers of what would become the clarion call for equality, as more women started to seek employment and financial independence.

Emerging Feminism and Work Opportunities

The 1950s set the stage for the emerging feminism of the 1960s and beyond. Women increasingly sought out work opportunities outside the home, driven by both economic necessity and a desire for personal fulfillment. Despite societal pressures to remain in domestic roles, women began entering the workforce in greater numbers, although they often faced occupation segregation and were typically employed in lower-paying, "feminine" jobs.

This era quietly laid the foundation for the women's liberation movement, as the experiences of working women exposed the disparities in treatment and pay. Even as society at large maintained traditional views, the stage was set for gender roles and the concept of equality to undergo significant evolutions in the decades to follow.

Policies and Legislation

The 1950s in the United States were characterized by significant policies and legislation that shaped the American Dream. These developments aimed to provide veterans with educational opportunities, to create affordable housing, and to address civil rights issues, marking a period of profound societal change.

G.I. Bill and Education

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, widely known as the G.I. Bill, made a transformative impact on the U.S. education system. It provided veterans with access to free or subsidized higher education, which resulted in a surge of university enrollments. This educational boon fostered a generation of well-educated individuals, contributing to economic growth and upward mobility.

Housing Acts and Levittowns

William Levitt, deemed the father of modern American suburbia, capitalized on the demand for affordable housing by developing Levittowns. These were planned communities that offered economical yet comfortable housing, largely made possible by the Federal Housing Administration's support. Levitt's use of mass production techniques in building homes made homeownership attainable for many, facilitating the expansion of the suburbs.

Civil Rights and Societal Change

The 1950s also saw the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, which sought to end racial segregation and discrimination. The Republican-led government passed several legislations in response to growing calls for democracy and equality. Although progress was uneven and slow, these efforts laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and signaled a commitment to societal change.

America in the Global Context

Following World War II, the United States emerged as an unparalleled global power with significant influence. America's narrative during the 1950s was not isolated; it was entwined with world events, reflecting its role in shaping and responding to international developments.

Economic and Military Superpower

The United States' economy boomed in the post-WWII era, leading to an age of unprecedented growth and prosperity. The combination of industrial might, technological advancement, and military strength positioned America as a dominant economic and military superpower. This period saw the implementation of the Marshall Plan, aiding in the reconstruction of Europe and cementing the U.S.'s role in global economic affairs.

Cultural Exchanges and Influence

During the 1950s, American culture extended its reach globally through music, cinema, and art, promoting the values associated with the American Dream. Jazz and rock 'n' roll became symbols of freedom and rebellion, often contrasting with the state-sponsored art of communist regions. This soft power allowed the U.S. to influence other societies without direct political or military intervention.

Confrontation with the Soviet Union

The ideological battle between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War, escalated in the 1950s. President Harry Truman's policy of containment sought to limit the spread of communism. Notable confrontations included the Berlin Blockade and subsequent airlift, the Korean War, and the beginning of the arms race, highlighting the persistent tension between the two superpowers.

Legacy and Reflections

The 1950s marked a significant period for prosperity and the evolution of the American Dream. This section explores the era's impact, its relation to modern concepts of the dream, and the changing socioeconomic landscape through the lens of hindsight.

Looking Back at the 1950s

The decade of the 1950s is often characterized by a post-war boom, where homeownership and prosperity flourished. A heightened focus on family life and the ideal of suburban living marked the success of the American Dream during this time. For many, the dream meant a stable job, a home of one's own, and a bright future for one's children. The period's significance lingers, influencing perceptions of success and contentment in American society for subsequent generations.

The American Dream Today

In contrast to the 1950s, today's American Dream has diversified. It has evolved to encapsulate not just material wealth or homeownership but also personal fulfillment and career progression. However, challenges like poverty and economic disparity, particularly affecting millennials, have led to varying degrees of skepticism about the dream's attainability. Discussions surrounding the dream now often focus on the need for societal progress that bridges gaps and expands opportunities.

Comparisons with Modern Society

Comparatively, the modern American Dream has expanded beyond the bounds of the 1950s. Then, blue-collar workers often found that hard work directly correlated with a comfortable lifestyle and upward mobility. Now, the dream encompasses a more complex reality where technological advancements and globalization have redefined pathways to success. Yet, the foundational desire for prosperity endures, even as the means to achieve it undergo profound transformation.

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American Dream 1950s: Dissecting the Era of Optimism and Growth - Brilliantio

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The American Dream has been a dynamic and evolving concept throughout United States history, encapsulating the aspirations of countless individuals seeking

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The rise of television played a significant role in shaping and promoting the American Dream. TV shows, advertisements, and popular culture reinforced the ideals of prosperity, family life, and consumerism. The car became a symbol of freedom and status. Car ownership surged, and drive-ins, motels, and fast-food restaurants became cultural staples.

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1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (Poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place primarily in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City during the early 20th century, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. It was a time of flourishing African American culture and was significant for its impact on literature, music, art, and the broader cultural landscape of the United States. The Harlem Renaissance produced a wealth of literary works that explored themes of racial pride, social justice, and the African American experience.

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Jazz and blues music flourished during the Harlem Renaissance, with Harlem becoming a hotspot for performances at venues like the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theater. These musical forms became integral to American culture and influenced future generations of musicians. Visual arts also thrived, with artists like Aaron Douglas and Augusta Savage creating works that celebrated African American heritage and addressed social issues. The New Negro Movement encouraged African Americans to take pride in their cultural contributions and heritage.

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The first issue of , an American quarterly magazine published by the NAACP, is released. Du Bois will serve as its editor for 24 years.

The Great Migration, a widespread migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and West, begins about this time. Harlem, in New York, New York, will become firmly established as a Black residential and commercial area.

Black nationalist Marcus Garvey begins publishing Negro World, a newspaper promoting African culture.

Racial tensions between white and Black Americans erupt into a series of violent and deadly riots throughout the United States. Civil rights leader James Weldon Johnson names this period the Red (meaning "bloody") Summer. It includes about 25 race riots in which hundreds of people, mostly African American, are killed or injured

Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle Frank Driggs Collection/© Archive Photos
Shuffle Along, a musical by Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle, opens on Broadway and makes a major contribution to the Harlem Renaissance, most significantly by opening the way for a number of other Black shows that laid a foundation for the "Jazz Age" of the 1920s.

Alain Locke's anthology of Black writers, The New Negro, is published. This collection of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays popularizes the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes's poetry collection The Weary Blues is published by Alfred A. Knopf. The collection includes such noted poems as "Dream Variation," which articulates the dream of African Americans yearning for freedom and for acceptance in American society.

James Weldon Johnson publishes God's Trombones, a collection of black dialect sermons in poetic form. Painter and graphic artist Aaron Douglas illustrates the cover of Johnson's book along with other prominent books of the Harlem Renaissance.

Poet Claude McKay publishes his first novel Home to Harlem, which is said to be the most widely read novel written by an African American up to that time.

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Timeline of significant events and developments related to the Harlem Renaissance. A blossoming of African American culture, the Harlem Renaissance was the most influential movement in African American literary history. In addition to literature, the movement embraced the musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

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"The New Negro Movement"
1919-1925

Prohibition
1920-1933

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The United States decided to send 3,500 US troops to Vietnam as conflict broke out between the north and south. The war would go on until 1975, during which time millions of civilians and fighters were killed in conflict.

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Gay rights movement gains popularity, gay rights activists Foster Gunnison and Craig Rodwell lead a gay rights march in New York on June 28, 1970, then known as Gay Liberation Day. The march was held on the first anniversary of the police raid of the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village. The raid led to demonstrations and protests by the gay community. The Stonewall riots helped bring together the gay community in New York, and by 1971 gay rights groups had formed in almost all of the major cities in America.

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There was an outbreak of a new disease called AIDS and it was a sexually transmitted disease. It took some time for it to be truly acknowledged, but in the end, awareness was spread of the disease. HIV was also discovered by a French scientist who determined that it was the cause of AIDS.

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The Soviet Union dissolves. The former superpower is replaced by 15 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

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September 11, 2001 Members of al-Qaeda hijacked commercial airplanes and flew them into the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., while a fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania. Some 3,000 people are killed. This marked a major point in the US as the Twin Towers or World Trade Center were a major staple in New York.

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with the physical appearance of their work.

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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Postmodernism remains influential in contemporary identity, multiculturalism, and digital culture discussions. It continues to shape debates on the nature of reality, knowledge, and power in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.

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One of the most influential things in my postmodernism was art and architecture as there were significant changes as seen in the image above. We can see the differences in art through this era and the changes within it.

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Korean War
1950-1953

Vietnam War
1954-1975

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Jacob Jankowski is a veterinary student at Cornell University. Just before his final exams, his parents die in a car accident, leaving him penniless. Devastated, he abandons his studies and hops a freight train, which happens to be the Benzini Brothers circus train. Jacob is hired as the circus veterinarian. He quickly learns about the harsh realities of circus life, including the abuse of animals and the exploitation of workers. Jacob falls in love with Marlena, the star equestrian act, married to August, the charismatic but cruel animal trainer. August’s volatile behavior puts both Marlena and the animals at risk. The circus acquires Rosie, an elephant, whom August considers useless. Jacob discovers that Rosie understands Polish commands, making her a star attraction and a pivotal figure in the circus’s fortunes. The love triangle between Jacob, Marlena, and August reaches a climax, leading to a dramatic confrontation. The circus descends into chaos, culminating in a disaster that changes everyone’s lives. The themes in this story are survival, resilience, love, and loyalty.

Link to information: https://www.supersummary.com/water-for-elephants/summary/

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The journey shown through this timeline is one of progress throughout the ages and how we have developed so much with many aspects of our culture. We see how our art and writing have grown over the years, this is especially apparent with the different styles in writing and different styles in making artwork. We can also observe the horrors in our history that ultimately led us to the point where we are today. Without these cornerstone events, we would not be where we are today, every event marks something important in our history. Overall we can observe properly how we have changed over the years, this can be for better or for worse, in the end, we are the ones who shape our societies and culture.