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A clipping mask is a group of layers to which a mask is applied. The bottommost layer, or base layer, defines the visible boundaries of the entire group. For example, suppose you have a shape in the base layer, a photograph in the layer above it, and text in the topmost layer.

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The Transform feature allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror).

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Kerning is the spacing between individual letters or characters. Unlike tracking, which adjusts the amount of space between the letters of an entire word in equal increments, kerning is focused on how type looks — creating readable text that's visually pleasing.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit.

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Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text. Note: Values for kerning and tracking affect Japanese text but normally these options are used to adjust the aki between roman characters. Types of kerning.

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With the Select and Mask screen open, the toolbar on the left side of the screen changes to a new set of tools. These tools are designed to assist users in defining and refining the selected portion of the canvas. Its a non destructive way to erase parts of a photo.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation

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The Sponge tool subtly changes the color saturation of an area.

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The Smudge tool is a Photoshop feature that allows you to mix or blend the content in an area of your image.

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The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area.

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The Straighten tool is designed for ease of use: You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you.

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The Paint Bucket tool fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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The Zoom tool is represented just how you might expect – with a magnifying glass icon. When you select the tool, you can just click on the specific area you want to zoom into for maximum clarity and precision. For even more power, you can switch the tool's action between zooming in and zooming out.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush.

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The Rectangular Marquee tool is used for making rectangular selections in an image. Just like the Elliptical Marquee tool, click and drag to create a rectangular area. By holding down the Shift key, you can create a perfect square.

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The Quick Selection tool allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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The Polygonal Lasso Tool creates selections with straight edges

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The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select

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The regular Lasso tool is a freehand selection tool, which means it won't automatically snap to the edge of objects or try to predict what you want to select. Wherever you lay your lasso, that's where it will stay.

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The Healing Brush allows you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting. When to use the Clone Stamp tool. The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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The Patch Tool is like a giant healing brush, use it to remove large blemishes from photos.

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The Move tool helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work. Select the Move tool (V) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Alignment and Distribution, to get the effect you want. Click on an element—like a layer, selection or artboard—to move it.

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows. Sometimes an image's highlights may be almost pure white, or the shadows may be almost pure black: high contrast.

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It intensifies colors – but it does so more selectively. Specifically, vibrance boosts colors that are more muted. And it mostly ignores warmer colors (yellows, oranges, and reds), while prioritizing cooler colors (blues and greens).

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel.

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Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for color correction.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there. A reflector is good for creating fill light or lessening shadows.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm—and the distinctive look it makes possible.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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A very small or concise description, representation, or summary.

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A set of data that describes and gives information about other data.

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To process after other processes have been completed. It takes unrefined images and polishes them into perfect captures.

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denoting or relating to a camera that combines the optics and mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, rather than photographic film.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra-wide-angle lens that is designed for shooting wide angles generally 180 degrees. These lenses are also known as ultra-wide or super-wide lenses. They are famous for extreme sport, landscape, and artistic photography.

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Telephoto photography is a type of photography that brings distant subjects closer with the use of long focal lengths. While shorter focal lengths exaggerate subjects closest to you, telephoto lenses allow you to emphasize and bring faraway subjects closer, from people to wildlife to mountains.

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In photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens. Camera prime lenses are sharper than zoom lenses. Wider aperture allows for bokeh and other techniques. Better image quality. Often better value.

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A macro lens is a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects.

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos.

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It is that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizon. This whimsical window of time is when a soft blue light fills the sky; creating a cool, peaceful setting that is every bit as beautiful as golden hour.

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. For example, the three primary colors form a triadic color scheme: red, yellow, and blue. A triadic color scheme uses every fourth color, leaving three colors between each.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE PHOTOGRAPHY. High dynamic range (HDR) images enable photographers to record a greater range of tonal detail than a camera could capture in a single photo.

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PSD (Adobe Photoshop Document) files are raster image files, which include support for image manipulation such as layers, masks, transparency, text, alpha channels, clipping path, additional color settings, and a variety of other Photoshop-specific elements.

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A Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file is a lossy raster file format that compresses an image to make the file smaller. JPEG files are some of the most popular and widely used image formats in the world.

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The PNG file format is widely used on websites to display high-quality digital images. Created to exceed the performance of GIF files, PNGs offer not just lossless compression, but also a much broader and brighter color palette.

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RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder. The RAW file format stores the largest amount of detail out of any raster file type, which photographers can then edit, compress, and convert into other formats.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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In digital photography, resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image. The higher the resolution, and the richer the pixel count, the more detail and definition you will see.

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he aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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The Options Bar is a vital part of Photoshop as it controls and determines how every Photoshop tool operates.

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. Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files. The Image menu allows you to make various adjustments like image size, while the Filter menu gives you access to more advanced tools and effects.

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Customizing your workspace by using the workspace switcher

You can save a current size and position of panels as a uniquely named workspace and restore that workspace even if you move or close a panel. The names of saved workspaces appear in the Window > Workspace menu.

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A white balance card is an important tool for photographers to have in their arsenal. It can be used to help achieve accurate colors in photos, regardless of the lighting conditions.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index.

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When you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image,

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Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows,

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Shadows are the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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Evaluative metering is the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios. As its name suggests, it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame, and then calculates the overall average exposure value.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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In spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object. It is a way to keep your subject in focus while blurring your background. Panning is typically done on a subject moving horizontally, such as a moving car, or a running dog.

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What is light painting? Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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Monopods are similar to tripods but they have a single leg instead of three. They usually use a quick release plate to affix the camera to a head that is screwed into the leg. Monopods can be advantageous in that they are often allowed in places that tripods aren't but stabilization is required for crisp shots.

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In photography, motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect.

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Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down, not sad…). You can use bulb mode by choosing manual mode or shutter priority, then start scrolling your selector wheel all the way to the end of the shutter speeds.

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It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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The photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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Shutter Speed Priority AE, or simply 'Shutter Priority', is a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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Manual mode means you control all of your settings

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Program mode is the mode that is almost still like auto, but you can change where the camera sits the two principle settings, aperture and shutter speed. When you change your settings, it will adjust both aperture and shutter speed to suit the scene that you are pointing the camera at.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot.

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As a result, depth of field (DoF) is the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.”